The only possible exceptions are Job 41' 'Shall the companions make a b. of him ? ' (RV ' make traffic of him,' Heb. nij kArah ' to bargain ' ; and Am 6' 'the b. (RV 'revelry') of them that stretched themselves' (Heb. cp? mirzeafi, from root = to scream, ' here used of yells of joy ' — Orelli). But in these passages also, though b. is not the best tr., its meaning was no doubt the same. See Feast. J. Hastinqs.
BAPTISM—
L Tkrminoloot.
00 In the LXZ. (h) In the NT.
H. OT Types.
(a) The Clond and the Sea (St. Faiil>
(d) The Deluge (St. Peter).
(c) Other Types (Patristic). m. Pabtial Akticipationb.
(a) Proselyte Baptism. ({') John's Baptism.
IT. Thk Histohv of CHRisnAS BAPnBM.
('i) The Institution. (h) The Recipicuta. (.) The Minister.
(d) The Kite.
T. The Doctrine or Cubistian Baptibm.
I. Terminology.— (a) In the LXX the sininle
verb Bd-FTtiv is frequent in the sense of ' dip ' | Ex
12'^, Lv 4«-" 9» H"-'*-" etc.) or 'immerse' (Job 9^').
The intensive jiaTrrLiur occurs four times : twice
literally, of Naaman dipping in the Jordan (2 K 5") and of Judith bathing (12'j; once metaphorically, T) avoiiia fie /Sajrr/fei (Is 21''); and once of cere- monial washing after pollution, paimioiuvot oV4 veKpov (Sir 31 [34]''"). The usual verb for cere- monial washing is XoieaOai (Lv 14'- » l5«-w. 13. la-a l(j4. w-28 etc )^ tijg middle voice being used because the unclean person performed this cleansing for himself. The active is used of Moses washing Aaron and his sons before they exercised their ministry (Ex 29^ 40", Lv 8"), and of the Lord washing Jerus. (Ezk 16*). But pairrl^eiv is never used in the LXX of any initiatory rite.
Of the two cognate substantives ^airrur/wt and /Sdirriff/ta, neither is found in the LXX ; while Xoirpoy occurs thrice (Ca 4» 6», Sir 31 [34]^).
(6) In the NT the use of piTrreiv \a the same as in the LXX (Lk 16^, Jn 13^, and perhaps Rev ig"*, where the reading is very uncertain); but the use of /SaTrifeti' undergoes a great change. As in Sir 31^, it is used of ceremonial purifi- cation (Lk 11**, and perhaps Mk 7*, where the reading is again uncertain) ; and, as in Is 21*, it is used metaphorically, viz. by Christ of His suffer- ings (Mk KF-SK, Lk 12»). But, with these few exceptions, ^airrifu always refers to washing for a religious purpose, the administration of the sacred rite of ablution, * baptizing ' Ln the technical sense ; and in this sense \ovw is not used. It is plain from Lk 1 1^ that in itself Barrl^u) does not necessarily mean immersion, as Calvin (Inst. iv. 15. 19) and others assert. This is its usual meaning, however ; Polybius uses it of sinking ships (L 51. 6, xvi 6. 2). We find /Sairrlffty used both absolutely (Mk 1*, Jn l^'- *• 3^- 2s- 28 4? et<!.) and with an ace. (Jn 4', Ac 8**, 1 Co 1"- "), and very often in the passive (Mt 3"- '*•'», Mk 16", Lk S^i, Ac 2*' etc.). The verb is sometimes followed by a preposition, indi- cating either the element into which (eis rbv 'lopSaviiv, Mk 1") or in which (fi- rip 'lopSAvg, Mk 1° ; ev USari., Mt 3", Jn l'^'- ^) the immersion takes place ; or the end or issue of it (elt nerdtouiv, Mt 3'' ; e/s d^fcriv a.iJM.pTiwv, Ac 2^ ; Hi rb ivoiui tivos, Mt 28", Ac 8>« 19').
Of the substantives, both paTTiaiws and pa-imaim are found ; and the distinction commonly drawn between them as to NT usajje is probably correct ; but there are not enough mstances for a secure induction. From Mk 7* and He 9'" we infer tliat jSairriir/io! usually meant lustration or cere- monial washing. Ro &, \nt\\ Eph 4' and 1 P 3-', would indicate that piimiTiui was reserved for baptism proper. But in He 6' paTmapiCiv probably includes Christian baptism, and in Coi 2" the more difficult reading /Saimo-Mv claims attention. Jos. uses /Sa7n-(ir/u)s to designate John's baptism, and /SaTrricris of the performance of the rite (Ant. XVIII. V. 2).
The Latin VSS and Fathers make no dis- tinction between baptismtis and bnvtisma. The Viilg. has haptiimus pcenitentim (Mk l*, Lk 3', Ac IS-* 19''), bnptisma Joannis (Ac 1**), unum lifiptisma (Eph 4'), and even baptismata calicum lyik 7*), and baptiwuitum doctrijue (He C^). A neut. nom. bapttsmum is found in the best MSS of the Vulg. , Mt 21**, and in various other passages in representatives of the Old Latin, e.ff. Sik lu^** (a «'). In Lk 20* we have baptismmn if Vulg.), baptUmns (c d), bnptisma (e). See Ronsch, Itala und Vuiqata, p. 270. Cyprian some- times uses both bnptisma and baptismus in the same passage without change of meaning, e.g. Ep. Ixxiv. 11 ; comp. Ep. Ixix. 2, Ixx. 2, etc. Twice in NT Xovrpov is used of baptism : \. roG CJotos (Eph 5^), X. iroXiryt^Waj (Tit .3=); and the word occurs in no other connexion. It and its enuivalunt Inmarum soon became technical tenns in this sense (Just. Mart. Apol. i. 61. 79; Cypr. De HaJb. Virg 2. 23 ; Z>e Lapsts, 24, etc.).
BAPTISM
BAPTISM
239
n. OT Types. — We have apostolic authoritv for fimlin;; two types of Christian baptism in oT historj', but in neither ease are the details of the type quite certain.