\V. M. Ramsay.
CAUL (Fr. cale, a small cap or headdress. Now obsol.). — 1. (n-;n*) The fatty envulojie of the liver, which, with the fat of the kidneys and other inward parts (Ex 29"", Lv3Sete.), was to be burnt on the altar as an offering by lire unto the Lord. In IIos 13' the rending of the caul or enclosure (i^;?) of the heart is a term of uttermost destruction. See Mkdicin'e.
2. 0':';f Is 3", RV ' networks.' This was most probably the small heati-veil, now of line net- work or art muslin with floral ilesigns, worn in the East over the brow and crown, and fastened loosely behind the neck under the hair. It is counted indelii'ato to go to the door or garden without it. Much art is often expended upon it. It is fringed with silk embroidery, and adorned with gohl thread, tiny gilt discs, and other orna- ments The Heb. shitlii.^ seems to have the same root-meaning as the Arab. mutas/inhOa.;, applied
* Conatantine Porphyron, d« Tftrm., is hardly an independent authority, but dciteiids on I lioroitles, whom ho very often i|uot«a.
to the network or interlacing of tree-branches ; and similarly, the Arab, term for fine damask of branch and foliage-like design is mu-slmjidr, from ahajarah, a tree. G. M. AlACKIK.
CAUSE The obsol. phrase 'for his c.' = 'for his
sake ' is used 2 Co 7" ' I did it for his c. that had done the wrong ' {IveKtv). Cf. Ps 69* Pr. Bk. ' Let not them that trust in thee ... be ashamed for my c' (•?, AV 'for my sake,' RV 'through me'). Twice 'c' is used in the vague sense of 'matter' (as if on the way to Ital. cosa, Fr. chose) : 1 K 12" ' the c. was from the Lord' (ijo, LXX iieraaTpoipii, RV ' it was a thing brought about of the Lord) ; 2 Ch 10" ' the c. was of God ' (n;;j, LXX as before, the only occurrences of the Gr. as of the Heb.; RV ' it was brought about of God '). Causeless is an adv. in 1 S 25^' ' thou hast shed blood c' ; but not in Pr 26^ ' the curse c. shall not come ' (both cjn, RV here ' that is c.,' after Geneva). J. HASTINGS.
CAUSEWAY This is the spelling of mod. edd.
of AV (except in Pr 15""") for the 1611 spelling 'causey.' But the words are not the same. A causey is a mound or dam, made by treading (late Lat. calcidre), and a causeway is a way or road formed on such a mound. It occurs 1 Ch 26"' " ; Is 7' AVm (1611 causeway) for ' highway ' in text : the Heb. (njpif me^llah) means a way 'cast up' or raised up. J. Hastings.
CAVE (nTjo, nriiKaiov, spelunca). — 1. Palestine is a region abounding in caves ; hence the frequent reference to them in the ISible. Natural caves and caverns are to be found in most countries formed of limestone strata and considerably ele- vated above the sea level ; such as Malta, Sicily, parts of Italy,* and Derbyshire in England. In such countries the underground acidulated waters dissolve channels for themselves out of the rock, and upon a change of level with reference to their outlet, they leave these channels for others; the old channels becoming caverns with generally dry lloors, and roofs decorated with stalactites. The elevated character of Western Palestine and its t'alcareous structure have naturally resulted in the formation of caves which in OT times, and still later, have become interwoven with the historical events of that country ; and, as Dean Stanley observes, when Christianity became degraded in I lie early centuries, caves, the real or supposed scenes in the history of our Lord, became the seats of worship amongst the Eastern Christiana. Tims the 'cave of the Holy Sepulchre' at Jerusalem and the 'cave of the Nativity' at lJetlileliem,t both discovered or identilied (according to Eusebius) by the empress Helena, have remained shrines of semi-idolatrous devotion down to the present day.
2. Prehistoric man appears to have made caves his dwelling wherever available, and it is not improbable that the Ilorites of Mount Seir ((Jn 14" :>()-"), who were cave dwellers as their name implies, were the reiuesentatives of early cave-dwelling races of other countries.J The Ilorites were ex- pelled by the Edomites ; and the vast caverns artiliciallj' hewn out of the sandstone rock of I'etra, the Edomito capital, attest the extent to which these early inhabitants made use of such hollows both for habitations and as sei>ulchres for the dead.§ See Driver on Dt 2".
*'<}natuor sunt montann i;cntea, TaratI, SolBnati, Balari, Aconites, in spchincis habitantes.* Stral>o, v. 225.
t It in;iy IJD observed tiiat tlierc 18 no aiitliority in tlie account of the Nativity for connecliiii; the event with a uavo ; see Mt •Jll, l,k2M-'.
t SlralOT, I. 42, xvi. 776, 776.
i The cavcrn» o( Upper Efypt, hewn out of the same forma- lion, 'the Nubian >Sanutitone,' were made use of by the ancient ]'.^yptinnii for similar purposes.
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CEDAR
3. (^aves were larpely made use of in the troublous timos of Israelitisli history as places of refuge : as suili the following may be specially mentioned : —
(ii) The cave in the hills above Zoar inhabited by Lot and his two daughters (Gn 19^).