In 2 Mac 4^- the epithet 'church-robber' (AV, ' author of the sacrilege ' RV) is ajijilied to Lysi- inachus, brother of Menelaus the high priest, who perished in a riot (B.C. 170) provoked by the theft of sacred vessels committed by his brother and himself.
LiTEEATCTiR. — Neumann, Der rom. Stnat und die allgemeinA Kircfie, i. pp. 14, 17 ; llajiisay, Church in Horn. Emp. pp 260, 401.
W. M. Ramsav. CHORCHES, SEVEN.— See Revelation.
CHURL. — 'The Saxons made three degrees of free-men ; to wit — an earl, a thane, and a churl ' — Ri.sdon (1630). And soon 'churl' and 'churlish' were .applied to any boorish person. In this sense churlish is used of Nabal, 1 S 25", and of Nicanor 2 Mac 14™. But 'churlish' as applied to Nabal being popularlj' taken in the sense of niggardly, helped to give the meaning of niggard, miser, to 'churl.' In this sen.se alone churl occurs. Is 32°-', though the Heb. ('V?, 'bs) probably means crafty (so RVm) or fraudulent (Vulg.). J. Hastincs.
CHUSI (XoiJs B, Xowei A).— Jth "'« mentioned with Ekrebel (Akrnhch) is possibly Ki'izrih, 5 miles S. of Shecliem and 5 miles W. of 'Akrabch. Se« SWF vol, ii. sh. xiv. C. R. Co.vdeb.
CHUZA(XoKf5s, Amer. RVChuzas).— The steward (^Trir/MTTos) of Herod Antipas. His wife JoANNA (which see) was one of the women who ministered to our Lord and His disciples (Lk 8').
CICCAR ("ir;), 'round.' — A name for the middle broader iiart of the .lordan Valley (so Buhl, Pal. 112; cf. Driver on Dt 34^), On lli'"-''' igi'-M-as-a Dt 34^ 2 S IS-^, IK 7«, 2 Ch 4", Ezk 47». See Palestine. The term is also, perhaps, used of the neighbourhood of Jerus. in a later age, Neh 3''^ 12^ (A'^ 'plain,' 'plain country').
CIELED, CIELING.— This is the spelling of the Camb. ed. of AV of 1629, the ed. of 1611 having sided and siding in all tlie pa.ssages. Amer. RV prefers the mod. ceiled, enling. Wright (Biblt Wurd Boole-, p. 134) identities the word with led, to close a hawlc's eyes, and () notes —
• But when we in our \nciou8nc88 jj^row hard, O misery on't I — the wine ^w\s aeel our eyes.*
Shaka. A /if. and Cltop. UL xllL lU.
•Come, seeling ni(;)it, Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day.*
MacUth, m. 11. M.
I>ut Skcat (Etijmol. Diet.' s.n.) denies the identi- fication or connexion. Cid, he holds, is from rirluin, ' heaven,' ' sky,' and has no connexion with .fill, .leal, or seel. Its meaning, therefore, is 'a canoypy ' : then, as vb., 'to canopy' or 'cover'; .ind the only meaning in AV, as in mod. Eng., viz. to cover with timber or iilnst«r, i.e. wainscot, is a later derivation. Th<i Heb. alwaj's means 'to cover.' In Ut 33'-' AVm gives 'cieled' (text, ' seated,' RV ' reserved,' the Heb. being .fAphan ' to panel' [see Driver's note and Add. in Deut' ad I'lr.], tr-' 'cicl' in Jer '22'^ Hag 1*). The 'cieling' (iiiily 1 K 0", Ezk 41'°'") is any ]iart cieled, wall«
442
CILICIA
CIRCUMCISION
as well as roof, tlie roof indeed being formerly distinguished as 'the upper cieling.'
J. Hastings.
CILICIA (KiXi/c/a), a country in the S.E. comer of Asia Minor, on the coast, adjoining Syria, always closely connected with Syria in manners, religion, and nationality, and generally more closely united with Syria than with Asia Minor in political and in Byzantine ecclesiastical arrange- ment. It was commonly divided into two terri- toiies— (1) on the W. (reaching as far as Pam- pliylia), Cilicia Tracheia {Aspera), a land of lofty and rugged mountains, drained by the considerable river Calycadnus ; (2) on the L., Cilicia Pedias (Campestris), a low-lying and very fertile plain between the sea and the mountain ranges Taurus and Amanus. The entire double country is summed up as C. in Ac 27°, a geographical de- scription or the lands touching the Cyprian Sea. But elsewhere it is clear that only the civilized and peaceful C. Pedias (in other words, the part subject to Roman rule) is intended when C. is mentioned in NT, whereas C. Tracheia was inhabited by fierce and dangerous tribes, loosely ruled by king Archelaus of Cappadocia from B.C. 20 to A.D. 17, and by king Antiochus of Com- magene from A.D. 37 to 74. C. Pedias had been Roman territory from B.C. 103 ; and, after many changing arrangements for its administration, it was merged by Augustus in the great joint province SyriaCilicia-Phoenice probably in B.C. 27 ; and this system probably lasted through the 1st cent, after Christ (though temporary variations may possibly have occurred). Hence Syria and C. are mentioned together in such a way as to imply close connexion in Gal P', Ac IS*"- •' ; the combined Rom. province is there meant, over which the influence of Christianity spread from the two centres, Tarsus in C. and, above all, Antioch in Syria. The close connexion of C. with Syria arose from two causes — (1) C. communicates with it by a very easy pass, the ' Syrian Gates ' (Pylce SyrvE, Beilan, summit level 1980 ft.), whereas the passes crossing Taurus into Lycaonia and Cappadocia are all difficult, incomparably the best being the ' Cilician Gates' (Pyl(S Cilicite, Gulek Boghaz, summit level 4300 ft.); (2) C. Pedias was long separated from Roman territory on the W. and N. oy a great extent of indepen- dent country, while it adjoined Rom. Syria. C. has been identified wrongly with the Tarshish which is so often mentioned in OT (Gn 10* etc.), by some modem scholars, following Jos. Ant. (I. vi. 1), who says that C. was originally called 0aLpcr6t.