On a gentle S. wind springing up, the attempt was made to reach Phoenix, and the vessel coasted along the S. shore of C. There suddenly, however, blew down from the island ((tar' aur^t) a wind, Euraquilo E.N.E., in the teeth of which it was found inipos.sible to sail, so the ship was allowed to ecud before the pale to the lee of Cauda (or Clauda, AV), 20 miles S. of Cape Matala, the southern- mo.st promontory of the island. Fourteen days later the vessel was wrecked on the coast of Melita.
It is not knovm who planted Christianity in C. If St. Paul did so, it must have been before his first imprisonment, possibly in the course of a visit while he was staying at Corinth or Ephesus. Perhaps the Church in the island had been founded by Christian converts. St. Paul seems to imply from his words to Titus (Tit 1°), ' For this cause left I thee in C.,' that he had been to the island. The fact that Titus was left to supply all omissions and appoint elders in every city, shows that the Church had been established long enough to admit the presence of irregularities, and had been im- perfectly organised.
The untrustworthy character of the Cretans (Kp^es, Ac 2" AV Cretes, Tit 1" AV Cretians) was proverbial. St. Paul quotes from one of their own poets, Epimenides (Tit 1'"), who lived about B.C. 600, and is called by Plato ' a divine man,' that ' they were always liars, evil beasts, idle gluttons.' Witness to their avarice is also borne by Livy (xliv. 45) and Plutarch .iEmilius (§ 23), 'the Cretans are as eager for riches as bees for honey' ; to their ferocity and fraud by Polybius and Strabo ; and to their mendacity by Callimachus, Hymn in Jov. 8, who begins a line KpijTet del <j/eO<rrcu with the same words as Epimenides.
LmtRATrRR. — Runbury, Hi'jrt. of Ancient Qeog. ; Weldon'e tr. of Aristotle 8 Potitu-s; Rawlinson, Uerodotwi; and the Comm. 00 Acts, esp. Page, Bla^s, and Kendall.
C. H. Prichard.
CRIB (W3H:).— The earliest meaning of the Eng. word (of which the origin is unknown) is ' a barred receptacle for fodder used in cowsheds and fold- yards ; also in fields, for beasts lying out during the winter.' And that is precisely the meaning of the Heb. word 'ebhiis (fr. cjx to feed), which is used Is 1' of a crib for the ass, Pr 14* for the ox. Job 39' for the 'unicorn,' i.e. wild ox.
J. Hastings.
CRICKET.— See Locust.
CRIER. — In this form the word is not found in the Bible, but the verb from which it is derived (•<^i!> ^odu) is sometimes used in the sense of cry- ing aloud, or proclaiming. Of Wisdom it is said that she ' crieth in the chief place of concourse,' Pr I*' ; and in answer to the (jucstion of the Jews, ' Who art thou ? ' the Baptist calls himself ' the voice of one crying in the wilderness,' Jn 1**. In ancient times, when men were illiterate, and could not read written mandates, public criers proclaimed the orders of the king or men of authority. In the Middle Ages heralds, preceded by trumpeters who announced their mission, made public proclama- tions. This custom is still carried out in the E. In every town and village a public crier, distin- guished for his loud voice, is appointed to give notice on the part of governors or other authorities of some fresh order. Or, going through the streets, or standing on some height, he announces the loss of some article, — sometimes the straying of a young child, — giving a description of the lost object, ottering sometimes a reward, and always concluding with a reminder of the divine promise of a 'reward in heaven.' Of this class of public criers is the muezzin among Moslems, who at the five appointed times of prayer mounts the minaret, and, after proclaiming the unity and greatness of God, calls men to 'prayer and eternal happiness.' In the quiet watches of the night this cry, heard from many a minaret, is often very impressive.
J. WOKTABET.
CRIME. — About 1611 and earlier, 'crime' was used, like Lat. crimen, in the sense of charge or accusation; as Grafton (1568), Chron. ii. 92, 'The common people raysed a great cryme upon the Archbishop,' and Milton, Par. Lost, ix. 1181 —
' But I rue That error now, which is become my crime
And thou th' accuser.'
In three out of the four occurrences of c. in AV, this is the meaning. In Job 31" (i?!) the Heb., and presumably the Eng., is crime in the mod. sense. But in Ezk 7" ' the land is full of bloody crimes,' the Heb. (d'd^ b;;'?) is 'accusation of bloodshed,' or as RVm, 'judgment of blood.' In Ac 25"* 'the c. (RV 'matter') laid against him,' the Gr. lynXrifui means an accusation, and is so used distinctly in the only other occurrence in NT, Ac 23^ (AV and RV 'charge'). Lastly, in Ac 25^ ' to signify the crimes laid against him,' the Gr. aMa certainly means 'accusation' (RV ' charge ') as always in class. Greek. Cf . Ac 25" Geneva, ' Against whom when the accusers st<iod up, they brought no criire of such things as I supposed.' J. Hastings.