LiTEEATUBE.— In addition to the authorities cited in the art , the reader may consult Hamburger, RE. art. *Lohn u. Strafe' (pp. 691 -703) and *Vergeltung" (pp. 1252-57) ; artt. on the varioui cnmes and punishments enumerated above, in Riehm, II WB, lienogt KEt and Srhenkel, liiljeUex.;Sa3.liii:hutz,da«Mo/tautehe Rpcht ; the Bib. ArchaoL of Keil, Henziiiger, and Nowack ; Po8l, Familienrecht, 358 f. ; Hartmann, Kw/f. Verbind. d. A.T. mit d. N. 197 S. ; Schiirer. IIJP ll. ii. 90 (T. ; W. R Smith, OT./C 340 I., 308 f. ; J. W. Haley, Etther (1885), pp. 122-130 ; DiUmann, Com. on the Pent., and Driver, Vent, (jjansim),
J. POUCHER, CRIIISON. — Two words are tr. ' crimson ' in both AV and RV, ySh tCla (Is l'«), LXX k6kkipos, and S-p-ij /cnrmil (2 (jh 2'- '* 3'*). Karmtl is a later word used in place of the earlier 'W sMni. ShAnl is rendered once (Jer 4*° AV) crimson. In the same passage in RV, and in all other passages where it occurs in both VSS, it is rendered scarlet. In Is 1" tj'jp' is rendered scarlet, LXX (poiviKow, and ySih crimson, LXX KbKKivov. It is probable that the distinction of these two colours was not accurately made at that time, as indeed it has not been i)re- served in the VSS. See CoLOUR.s ; and for the insect producing both these colours see Scarlet.
G. E. Post. CRIPPLE.— See MEDiaNE.
CRISPING PINS (o-o-!p. Is 3", RV 'satchels,' and 2 K ."i^, AV and RV 'bags'; see Bao 3//).— To ' crisp ' is in mod. l/inguage to ' crimp,' that is, curl in short wavy folds. The word is often used in Shaks., Milton, and others, of the curl a breeze makes on the water, as Par. Lust, iv. 237, ' the crisped brooks'; cf. Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 211, ' I would not their vile breath should crisp the stream.' But the earliest ref. is to the hair; and a 'crisping pin' is an instrument for crimping the hair. Cf. Pocklington (1037), 'Fetch me my Crisping [linnes to curie my lockes.'
J. Hastings.
CRISPUS (Kplffirot). — The chief ruler of the Jewish synagogue at Corinth (Ac 18'). Convinced by the reasonings of St. Paul that Jesus was the Messiah, he believed with all his house. The
528
CROCODILE
CROSS
apostle mentions him (1 Co 1'*) as one of the few persons wliom he himself had baptized. Tradition represents him as havinj; afterwards become bishop of ^Egina (^Coiist. Apost. vii. 46). R. M. BOYU.
CROCODILE (RVm Job 41>).— The crocodile is doubtli'ss meant by leviathan in the above passage ami Job o*. In Ps 74'* leviathan refers to I'iiaraoli, under the simile of a crocodile. Cf . Ezk 29^, where Pharaoh is called ' the great dragon (taiimm, for the usual tanuhi) that lieth in the midst of his rivers,' and 32-, wliere he is compared to a ' whale (also tannim AVm, KV text 'dragon') in the seas,' the reference being to the crocodile of the river (Arab. 6a/tc = sea, the usual Arab, way of speaking of tlieir great river the Nile). See Lkvi.vtha.n. Dr.voon'. The crocodile is a saurian, sometimes attaining a length of 20 feet. His back and sides are covered with an armour, impenetrable to spears, swords, siingsiones, and arrows( Job 4 1 ''■ '^i'- '-" '^- -^) ; not to be injured by clubs (RV for AV ' darts' v.^S), or even spherical bullets. The scales of which this armour is composed are beautifully marked. HLs jaws are set with numerous sharp-pointed teeth(v.i^). His neck is extremely powerful (v.--). His tail is also very muscular, and a blow from it will crush a man. His legs are short. The toes of the fore feet are five, and of the hind feet only four. The inner two toes of the fore feet and the inner one of the hind feet are destitute of claws. The rest have strong claws (v.^"). The crocodile is well characterized as ' a king over all the chililren of pride' (v.**). In one other passa<;e '^.Ter U") KVcx gives ' crocodile ' for tannim, AY ' dragons.'
The Land Crocodile (Lv 11*^ UV) is not a croco- dile, but probably the MoxiTOE (see Ch.vmeleon).
G. E. Post.
CROOKBACKT (Amer. RV 'crook-backed'), Lv '21-". See Mkduine.
'*CROSS is the tr. of the Gr. irravpds, the name applied in X 1' to the instrument upon which Jesus Christ suffered death. Owing to the variety of the methods in wliioli crucifixion might be inflicted, and the indetiniteness of the terms employed, it is im- possible to determine with certainty the exact nature of the cross used in Ills case, irravpis means properly a stake, and is the tr. not merely of the Lat. crux (cross), but of pa?Hs (stake) as well. As used in XT, however, it refers evidently not to the simple stake used for impaling, of which wide- sprcatl punishment crucifixion was a refinement, but to the more elaborate cross used by tlie Romans in the time of Christ. Besides the crux simplex, or simple stake, we may exclude from consideration the so-called cross of St. Andrew, shaped like an X> the origin of which is much later, and concerning the actual use of which there is much doul)t. Tliere remain of the four varieties of cross usually enumerated only two, between which the choice must lie — the crux commissa or St. Anthony's cross, shaped like a Xi ^^'^ consisting of a single upright post, across the top of which is fastened a hori- zontal cross-bar; and the crux immissa or Lat. cross, in which the top of the upright sliaft projects aoove the cross-bar, as in the form with which we are most familiar. In favour of the latter is not only the testimony of the oldest tradition, which in such a matter is entitled to great weight, but also the statements of the evangelists concerning the title nailed to the cross (Mt 273', Mk 16^, Lk 23«, Jn 19'»--^).