• Zockler in Lange's Bibelwerk, 1869 ; C. H. H.Wright, Introd. to OT, 1890; Kohler, Lehrbuch der Biblischen Gesch. voL li. p. 645, 1893. , »,. , J
t We do not know, of course, just how the author reckoned these kings. Two main schemes have been suggested : (a) (Hitag, Kuenen, Comill, Bevan, «t al.). (1) Alexander. (2) Seleucus I. Nikator, (3) Antiochus l. Soter, (4) Antiochus ll. Theos, (6) Seleucus ll. Callinicus, (6) Seleucus UL Ceraunus, (7) Antiochua the Great, (8) Seleucus IV. Philopator, (9) Heliodorus, (10) De- metrius I. Soter, or an unknown elder brother ; (b) (Bertholdt Von Lengerke, DeliUsch, Meinhold, «( al.). (1) Seleucus L Nikator, (■2)-(9)=(3H10) of (o) (10) Ptolemaus vi. Philometor. (8) (9) (10) of either (o) or (6) fulfil the conditions of the three kings put down (v.W). Seleucus rv. Philopator was assassmated (the Jews mav have thought by the connivance of Ant. Epi- phanes). Heliodorus, who seized the government, was over- thrown by Antiochus ; Demetrius, the rightful heir, was thrust aside, and Ptolemv, who laid claim to it, was bitterly humbled. For Demetrius, who never became king, Kuenen, after von Guuchmidt {Kleiiie Schriften, vol. ii. pp. 176-179). was incUned to place an elder brother who ace. to a (raiment of John of Antioch was put to death bv Antiochus.
t Antiochus Epiphanes, to the Jewish mind, was the incarna- tion of wickedness, arrogance, and blasiihemy (cf. 1 Mac l'"- " 262 2 Mac 9'-i^- 28). and every term mentioned in the above references in Dn is most appropriate to describe him and his career. The eves (79») and ' understanding dark sentences (823) indicate his vigilance and cunning ; ' the look more stout than his fellows ' and ' the fierce countenance ' (7*> 8^3), the terror he in- spired, and his cruelty ; ' the mouth speaking great things (78. 30 u*-"). his boastful arrogance, seen in the assumption of the title Epiphanes, 'the illustrious'— changed to Epimanes ' tLe mad ' by his subjects.— and the title Theos, ' the god,' on some of his coins. His fearful persecution of the Jews and his suppres- sion of their laws and sacred days are clearly indicated lu 7-» gu. The following outline (abridged from LOT p. 461 f.) givea the leading events of his reign and the references to them m Dn:—
176. Accession (1 Mac l"), Dn 78. ". » 89 2» 11« . ^ .
176. Jason intriguing against Onias m. procures from Antiochus
.u.. u:..u ..-:.. ..rV..^.^^ Riac nt ll,>ll,i,ti7ino' TiArt.v in Jerua.
n intnguingagainst vMiitto 111. ^mrt^uico i.vu* «..v.v^«"- the high priesthood. Rise of Hellenizing party in Jerus. Mac 111", 2 Mac 4" 22).
(1
172 [1711. Onias in. murdered (2 Mac 4»S5), Dn 92»« ll'"'.,,.^,^^ 171. Ist expedition of Antiochus against Egypt (1 Mao l'"-""),
Dn 11'^ 24. 170. Snd expedition against Egypt (1 Mac 1»), Dn U*>-^.
Antiochus on his return plunders the temple and
massacres many Jews (1 Mac 121 2.^, 2 Mac 6n-4i, Dn
8i1b.1i), n2«).
169 8rd expedition against Egypt. Kom. legate Popiliua LiBiia-s oliliges AntiochuB to retire, I'olyb. xxix. 1 ; Livy, xliv. 19, xlv. 12 ; Dn 112>30..
169-8. rresh measures against Jerusalem. City surprised on Sabbath dav. Many inhabitantaslain or captured and sold as slaves. Syrian garrison placed in citadel. God-fearing Jews flee. All practices of Jewish religion prohibited. Temple worship suspended, and, on 16 Chislev. B.C. UlS. ' the abomination of desolation ' (a small heathen altar erected on the altar of bumt-oflering). Books of the law burnt, and women who had their children circum;ised put to death (1 Mac 129 <«. 2 Mac 6-7, Dn 721. «b » gilf t3h.a4.3s iiaib. ??• ii30l,-32» (renegade Jews) "i>^" (the faithful) ^^^ 12'- ^- ").
167 Revolt of the Maccabees (1 Mac 2). Dn ll" (the little help)
105. AfUr victories by the Maccabees (1 Mac 42»S5), Mmple puri
DANIEL, THE BOOK OF
DANIEL, THE BOOK OF
553
chapters there are indications of the same kind of knowledge of Antiochus and of previous history as in ch. 11. Antiochus and his persecution of tlie Jews and defilement of their sanctuary seem ever
E resent before the writer (cf. 1 Mac 1). When, owever, he touches uj)on a subsequent period he gives nothing which need be interpreted as refer- ring to specific historical events, but only symbolizes the general Messianic hope of Israel (2"'- 7" 12'"-)- Hence the conclusion that chs. 7-12 belong to the age of Antiochus Epiphanes appears warranted, and then also chs. 1-6 if by the same author.
Unity of Authorship has been the prevailing view among scholars of all schools.* That clis. 1-6 belong to one author is evident. Ch. 1 is a necessary introduction to the others. Without it 2^*"- and 2" would be unintelligible, and 3"^ requires 2** ; and S'""- require chs. 2 and 4. Ch. 6 is closely connected with the preceding ones. The visions (chs. 7-12) require an account of D.'s personality and life, and tlie unity of the two sections is seen from the fact that the substance of the dream of the composite image (ch. 2) is repeated in tlie vision of tlie four beasts (ch. 7), and that ' they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men ' (2") is eWdcntly a reference to the unhappy marriages of the Ptolemies and Seleucidie (11'- "). The homi- letical or didactic purpose of each section is also the sanie.t