In the prose version (4''"^ in the main) she is styled a prophetess. Thus, in the manner of pro- phecy, she announces the plan of the attack (4'''''), jiroinises success (v.""), and declares who shall carry oil the honours of the victory (v.*). All these are features not found in ch. 5, and as coming from ch. 4 must be pronounced of inferior historical value.
For the other divergences connected with the mention of Jabin, the position of the battle, the deed of Jael, the authorities must be consulted.
LiTERATtmB. — Hilliger, Das Dfitorah-JjUd UberKtzt u. erkldrt^ 1807 ; A. Miiller, Dat Lied der Deborah, 1887 (Konigiberger Studim, i.); Badde, Rieht. u. Sam. 66-72, 101-107 ; M. Vemes
• Except Simeon and Levi. Judah is not mentioned ; it had not entered into any close connexion with the other tribes, and was cut otT from them by a line of Canaanite strongholds (Jg 12). as, Job 9'0.
( 4IJ. 23. u 51. Sib belong to the Deuteronomlo compiler of Judcrea ; his hand may also r>e traced in 4<*> 9^ 14*.
I Itarak = ii^A(mn*7,"Lappidoth=/Iam#*(4*) ; hence some think that l)oth are names of the some person, and that Barak was l>el>urah'e husband. This is merely a tanc>
DEBT, DEBTOR
DEBT, DEBTOR
57£
bilUvut(k4Auda JuiK4, xxiv. 1892 ; O. A. Cooke, Bitt. and Song 0/ Deb. 1892; O. Niebuhr, Vrrmch finer litcomt. da DtboraliaU4, 189i ; O. F. Moore, Judga (1895), 127-173.
8. Deborah (AV Debora), the grandmother of Tobit, To 1». G. A. Cooke.
DEBT, DEBTOR.—-^- is OT.— L Termt.—mh In Qal, EV bomnt, pu:p. b'Trvu^r^ LX5 lani^xr&at, Vulp, fotnus accipio, mxUuo tutno p<'cuniaft mutuor, mutuum accipio; in Hiph. EV Un*i (i.e. cauae to borrow), ptcp. Under, LXX ietti^m, t*Ja»<C*. ■''x/*W*'i ^'uIk- pecuniam muluam do, Jmneror. m^ is also used in the sense o( ^oin, and the sense of borrow may be derived from the dependence of the borrower on the lender ; but ,'n'? join, and .n'y borrow, may be independent roots of different origin (so Fuerst). '•^ Levi, Ltvite, is not necessarily connected with either.
nuo (also in form kc'j) C^ and Hiph., EV fend on utury, take usury, exact {usury); Qo^ ptcp. creditor, extortioner, also given In Dt 153 (or in; .iffg ^yj ' possessor of a loan of his hand,' in Dt 24" thy debtor is 'la nyj .t^n 1^|j P'xn, »'•«. 'the man to whom thou are lending,' or *a creditor.' So Is 24^ \z »^i -if^, cf. 1 S 22> 'be to whom anyone is a usurer,' i.e.
one who borrows on usury,' EV the giver of usury to him. LXJC m.wmjrut, paraphrases with «tfijAjj* (3we), and (for ptcp.) imtitrriit, and in la 501 ^ij^^t^t (debtor^ Vulg. commodo, exiijo, vsuras exigo, and for ptcp. creditor, /cenerator. VJ 2 K 4~ E V debt, LXX «-«»mv, Vulg. ereditori (reading the ptcp.X ^^'^Q, EY dj^t, loan, LXZ iftiXrifut, Vulg. debitum.
tqh}, EV usury, exaction, LXX ira.irrrii, Vulg. cu alienum, txaetio. This root has been connected with leJj bite, cf. H^^ In ref. to the nature and effects of usury ; or with ,ic*3 forget, because payment of a debt is remitted for a time (Oes. Thts.l
Tfj) (IB^J = bite) EV usury, LXX t«'««, Vulg. usura. In Dt 2S»' >l(Eng.l».«)thefftpA.of "PI is used for 'lend on usury," and the tial for ' borrow on usury.' LXX Hiph. i«r«m7(, Qal \mia.itrvn ; Vulg. Hiph. ftxnero, commodo.
n'3"ifl, n'ST-p (HDl become great), EV increase (and in AV of Pr 281^ unjust gain), LXX w\u<m'ftii, iwi wXti»u, Vijlg. super- abundantia, foenus, amplius. i^^r J and n'3in are often coupled together, Lv 25«i, Elk IS*" etc'; Nowack,' Heb. Arch. i. 854, takes is^i as interest on a loan of money, and n'3'in as Interest cr a loan of cora, efc* etc., but in Dt2320(Eng. I9)wehave-]e*3 'of money ... of food ... of anything.'
3^n, Ezk 187, EV debtor, Oxt Heb. Lex. d«<>I, LXX ifilXsrrH, Vulg. debitori.
ODV Q^< borrow on pledge, EV ftorrow, LXX 3«*ij^«,u«i, Vulg. accipio mutuum ; Hiph. lend on pledge, EV tend, LXX 3«*i<'C«, Vulfg./cenero, mutuum do. e'lay , anything given as security for
the payment of a loan or the fulfilment of any obligation, EV pto^e, LXX iFixw^«», Vulg. pij7n««. In Dt 24^0 a Qaidenora. occurs ^secure (the security). B'pnjJ Hab 2«, BV pfedg« = Dby ; AV thick clay, Vulg. densum fu(«m, is due to a mistaken etymology. In Jl 27 ikelot cDy- twist, bind; so the root=' borrow,' because the borrower was bound to the lender ; but Wellhausen regards B3V as an Anun. loan word, and Driver proposes to connect with B3i 'hold firmly.'
San Qal (lit. Wnd, cl D3P), EV taJce or lay a pledge, LXX Ifi^i/^Ca, Vuig. phrases with pignus ; Siq, 't^iq, EV pledge, LXX iuxl'l"'!^, -h^i, Voif. pirtnus.
3-1V Qal, Hithpa., EY t» imrety, give pledges, mortgage, make m vager, LXX 3h»viii, Vulg. spondo, fidem facio, fidejv^mr srsto, vadtm me ojfero. p3*iy, EV pledge, LXX it-^f^fiir, Vulg.
urrhabo, pignus. itj'iy ^li' 0*r 1718), EV beeometh surety, LXX iyyvmtUftt \yyvmr6tu, Vulg. fpondo.
Sh^ {ask) obtains from the context the sense of borrow in Ex 22", 2 K 4> EV, and similarly the Hiph. may -fend In I 8 1» EVm.
ii. In History. — 1. Causa of Debt. — There is no trace in OT of any system of commercial credit. Loans of money or large purchases on credit do not occur as ordinary and natural incidents of trade. Debt (except of the most temporary character, see below on Pledges, and on Gn 38" ; and cf. E,\ 22") is an exceptional misfortune ; it is always the poor man who iMjrrows, Ex 22*'. The existence of a developed credit system in Babylonia is no proof of the existence of any similar system in Israel. In such, as in many other matters, it is as iirefjirious to argue from Babylon to Israel as it would lie now from England to Afghanistan. This absence of com-