.ssyri ead ;
but when Sennacherib marched into Pales-
^
tine, A-rammu of Edom submitted like thokini^H of Moab and Amnion. Esarhaddon caused kaus- gabri, ' king of the city of Edom,' together with the other va-ssal kings of the west, including Manasseh of ' the city of Judah ' and the king of ' the city of Moab,' to convey to Nineveh timber from Lebanon anil various stones for the construction of his lace. When Jerusalem was destroyed by ebuehadrezzar, the ICcUimites took jiart with the enemy, and rejoiced over the calamities of .Iiulah, — conduct which arouseil hitter feelings against them on the part of the Jews (La i'"-*', Ezk 35'-'», Ob'"''"). These feelings were not dimiuislKMi by their occupation of southern Judah, with Hebron as their capital, and their attacks upon the Jews during the Maccaba-an war. Judas Maorabu'us, however, drove them from the south of Judah (II. C. 1()4) ; and John Hyrcanus, in B.C. 109, conquered their countrj", and compelled them to adopt Judaism. Alount Seir, as far north lus Petra, had already fallen into the hands of the Nabata'ans, who spoke an Aramaic dialect. Hyrcanus II , the
• So the Kcthibh C'DnM. The Ker6. however, rends O'C'ng (Edolnitefl) ; and this, whieh baa the snpiMirt of Ihe LXX 'Um/^m/*!, u adopted by Slo^fried-Stade and Ox/. Utb. Lexxoon.
546
EDOS
EDUCATION
grandson of John Hyrcanus, on being driven out of Jerusalem, was induced by the Iduiiitvan Antipater to seek the help of Aretas, the king of I etra. Porapey, however, intervened, and after sacking Jerusalem, made Hyrcanus high priest (B.C. 63), while Antipater was subsequently (B.C. 47) appointed by Julius Csesar procurator of Juda-a, Samaria, and Galilee on account of his sen-ices against Pompey. His son was Herod the Great.
Edoniite proper names show that the language of Edom was practically identical with Hebrew. Of Edomite deities we know only the names of Hadad (also Dad), ^aus, Koz6, Edom, and A. The name of Esau's son Jeush (Gn 36'), however, corre- sponds phonetically with that of Yaghftth, a pre- Mohammedan deity of Arabia.
LrrcaATnnB. — Beth^en, Beitrdge zur semitischen RetigioTis- getchichte, 10 ft. ; Reland, Pal 230 fl. ; Robinson, BRP ii. 117 £f., 168 fl. ; Baedeker, PaL 1839. ; Palmer, Desert o/ the Ezodut, 42911.; HuU, Mount Seir, 85fl. : TrumbuU, Eadeth-Bamai ; Hommel, Ancient Hebrew Traditum, 263 f.
A. H. Sayck.
EDOS (B 'HJ«f, A'HJoit, AV Edes), 1 Es 9»= IDDO, Ezr 10*».
EDREI ('p-inK, 'ESpdetp, Edrai).—!. Edrei was a city of Bashan (now the HaurAn, eastward of Lake Tiberias), where the Amorite king Gg was defeated and slain by the Israelites (Nu 21**, Dt 3', Jos 13'-). It was then given to Machir, the son of Manasseh (Jos 13", see Jg 5'*), the district in which it was situated being known as Gilead (Nu 3289). The Amorites do not seem to have been long in possession of it, as one of the letters of Tel el- Amama, about a century and a half before the Exodus, is from Artaiua-Samas,* the governor of Ziri-Basana, 'the field of Bashan.' Edrei is the Adraha of clas.sical geography, and in Christian times was the seat of a bishop. It has been identified with the modem Der'fit or Der'a, where there is a large reservoir, as well as an aqueduct and mausoleum. About 10 miles to the north of it is Tell 'Ashtera, the supposed site of Ashtaroth, which is associated \vith Edrei, and in the time of Abraham was inhabited by the Rephaim (Gn 14'). In one of the Tel el-Aniama letters (B. M. 43. 10) it is (ailed Astartu, and the writer of the despatch accuses a certain Eiridasyi of taking the chariots out of it and ^ving them to the Bedawin. The neighbouring city of Buzruna (Bostra) was at the time under a kmg of its ovra. W. Ma.\ Miiller identifies the city of Autar.l in the Kamak List of Thothmes III. (No. 91) with EdreL Philologically the names would corre-spond, but the identifica- tion is impossible, as Autarft is enumerated among the towns of southern Palestine. Astartu or Ashtaroth is in an earlier part of the list (No. 28).
2. Edrei is mentioned in Jos 19'' between Ka*lesh and En-hazor, in the tribe of NaphtalL The site of it is unknown.
Literature.— Tomkins In BeconU of the Poet, New Series, t. p. 43 ff.; Wetzstein, ReUeberxeht ilo. liauran, etc., 47, 77, 123 ; Porter, Giant CUiee o/ Boihan, 93 ff. ; Baedeker, Pal. 201 : Bchumachcr, Acrou the Jordan, 121-147 ; Dillmunn on Nu 21^3 and Dl 31" ; Driver on Dt 1* 3' 3">, and his art. Aijiitarotu in present vol. ; O. A. Smith, Hitt. Geog. 628 n., 676.
A. H. Sayce. EDUCATION.— Every student of the history of education will endorse the judgment of the Alex- andrian scholar (Prol. to Sirach), that Israel must needs be commendud for its zeal in the cause of moral and intellectual culture (irotSe/a nal (ro0ia), since the canonical Books of Deuteronomy and Proverbs, the deutero-canonical Wisdom of Jesus ben-Sira, .and the Mi.shna treati.se commonly called the Sayinrjs of the Fathers (nSiti -pis PirM ^Abulh), provide a catena of pedagogic principles' without a parallel in ancient literature. Two sentences only • Now read Artama-Ya or Artamaanja by Winckler.
may be selected for quotation at this stage. The one is the motto prefixed to the Book of Proverbs : ' The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge' (Pr 1', cf. 9'°) ; the other is attributed to Simeon, the son of the famous Gamaliel : ' Not learning but doing is the chief thing' (Ab. i. 17).* In these maxims we find the two distinguishing notes of Hebrew education, which from first to last was at once religious and practical — an education which sought to combine instruction in the positive truths of the ancestral faithf with preparation for the prac- tical duties of life. It was this successful com- bination which led Josephus in his treatise Against Apion to contrast the education of his countrymen with that of the Lacediemonians and Creta,ns on the one hand, and mth that of the Athenians on the other — the former being too severely practical, the latter too exclusively theoretical. ' But our lawgiver with great care combined these two methods, for he neither left the practice of right habits without oral instruction (lit. ' dnmh,' Kaip^r), nor did he permit the rules thus taught to remain unpractised.'