LiTKRATUKl. — A critii^l history of Hebrew education is still a desideratum. The 8tiin(lard works of the hiHturians, Jewish and ChrlKtian, contain only in<MdfnLul rcferctioes. Professor Laurie's Ilintorual Surt'ei/ 0/ Pre-Christian Education, 1S95, pp. OD-105, (fives a good account of the subject from the con- servative standpoint. Quite a number of Jewish writers have fl(-alt with it in recent years, mainly, however, as organized by the Jewish authorities from the 2nd cent. a.d. onwanls. The foll'iwinjf are the best of these special works ^only those with the number of pat'cs mlded have been consultca); M. Uuschak, .Srhul'fxrtZijelmitii uini Mrthodik d. alten luroflitrn, 1872; E. van (lildur, Die ' V < •IkHs.hule d. jOd. Aiterthuim, 1802, 31 pp. ; Seidel, Ufl/er die I'iFdatjiHjik d. Proverbien, 1875 ; S. ManMig, Die i'iedatjo<fik des Israrl. Volkes, 1877 ; J. ISinion, L' Kdncation et I'ijuitructwn deg Eiifantjt ettfz leg ancicnn .lui/t^, 1879,03 pp.; A. Astruc, V Ensrignment chrz tetiancienlt Juifg, 18S1 ; U. Spiers, The .^'chiml .^unlerrtit/the Taltmul, 1882, 27 pp.; B. Slrnssl)ur>fer, Genrhirfile d. Erziehttwt und d. Uuterrirhtg bei d, Ittraeiiten, etc., ISS.^, 310 pp. (Pre-'ralnuidic period, up. 1-24; bibliography of Jewish pedo^o^ncs, pp. 273-77) ; J. Ijewit, Dartteltumj a. thenretigehen u, prak'igchen Paxlagoijik injiid. Al!frtume, i896, 80 pp.; Oehler's ' I'adaL'oi.'ik d. Alten Test, in Scbmid's Knct/clo- ptidie d. {leeammten hrziehungt und thiterriehtnu'e.irri, vol. v. 188''., pp. (Vill-finfi (1883, pp. 637-ri78). is full and su(fi,'e8tive, but in great part antiquated; Oustav Uaur in S<:tiruid's Grgctl. d. Erzifhutifi, 1892, pp. 654-570 (not seen). Ilamburtrer's liial- eru-i/<-'"j>'tdif d. JudenthumM, 18.S3 (vol. 1. art. ' I'Ir/.iehunj;' ; ii. ' Ix-hrer,' 'Schule,' ' Unterricht, etc.). is a mine of informa- tion for the later perio^l ; see also .SchUreKs UJ P u. I. 25, '.Soribisiu.' vol. II. 27, 'School und Svnago^'ue' (older literatur« of the subject, p. 40); Uinsburg In Kitto'e liiUiral Ci/ctn- pijedia^, art. ' Education * ; Kilersheim, Skttehet of Jewish Suciai
652
EFFECT
EGLO.N
Lift K the Dai/t of Christ (esp. chs. \ni. vlii.), and Life and Tinu4 of Jesxu the Messiah ; L. Low, Die Lebensnlter in d. jiid. Literature 1876, passim (esp. p. 130 S. : * Education Id Bible Times,' and relative notes); S. Schechter, Studies in Judairm, 1896 (p. 343 IT.: 'The Child in Jewish Literature'). The standard authorities for Jewish education in the Middle Ages (which may be ad(l'_d forcomplet^'ness' sake)are the works of M. (tudemann, Geschichle d. Krziehuiigsu^esen u. d. Kultur d. Jud-n, etc., France and Germany, 1880; Italy, 1884; Spain, 1888. See also I. Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Aga, 1896 (esp. cha. xix. xx.\ A. R. S. KENNEDY.
EFFECT In 2 Es 9« ' effect' is used in the
obsolete sense of ' deed,' ' the times also of the Highest have . . . endings in effects and signs ' (consummatio in actu et in signis) ; cf. Shaka. Lear, u. iv. 182—
•Thou better know'st The offices of nature, bond of childhood. Effects of courtesy, dues of gratitude.'
In Ezk 12^ the sense is purport, significance. 'The days are at hand, and the effect oi every vision ' (i?i ' word,' as RV^m). So Chaucer, Merck. Tale, 153—
* And for his freendefl on a day he sente. To tellen hem th* effect of his entente.* With those exceptions, the use of ' effect ' is much as In mod. English, though the phrase in Ko 9^ may be noticed, *aa though the word of God hath taken none effect' {ixTtw-ruxtr. lit. 'has fallen out,' RV ' hath come to nought '). The usual phrase Is ' to make of none effect,' always a single vb. in the original, of which the most interesting is xavafi^ia' (Ro 41*, Gal 317; tr^ ' make without effect ' Ro 3^), a characteristically Pauline word. Its opposite is i*if>yi^, a word always in NT of some principle or power at work, esp. in the soul (see Mayor on Ja 61"). Wher- ever 'effectual* and 'effectuallv* occur in NT they translat« either iri^)-<r>, as Gal 2S, 1 Th 213 -work effectually'; 2 Co 1« ' be effectual ' ; Ja 61" ' the effectual fervent prayer of a right- eous man availeth much ' (RV ' the supplication of a righteous man availeth much in its working, Rendel Harris, ' the energized prayer of a righteous man is of great force ' *) ; it« ad], itifiyin, as 1 Co 16^, Philem " ; or its sul^t. i*i/fyvit, whence Eng. ' energj',* as Eph 37 4i" 'effectual working,' RV 'working.' In all these places we should now UM 'effective,' ' effectively.'
J. Hastings. EGGS.— See Fowl.
EGLAH (."i^;t; 'a heifer'). — One of the wives of David, and mother of Ithream (2 S 3'). Both here and in 1 Ch 3^ she is distinguished by the title ' David's wife.' Jewish tradition (cf. Jer. Qutest. Heb. in libros Begum) identified E. with Michal, since the latter was his fir.st and best-loved wife. More probably the name of E.'s first husband is con- cealed in the word ' David.' J. F. Stennino.
EGLAIM (D-^iN), Is 15'. — Noticed with Moab. The name has not been recovered. In the Ono- masticon (a.v. Agallim) it is placed 8 Roman miles south of Areopolis. C. R. Conder.
EGLATH-SHELISHIT&H (.t?>V f^K} occurs in an ancient oracle against Moab, which is quoted in Is 15' and Jer 48". In both these passages RV takes the word to be a proper name, giving in margin the alternative tr° ' [as] an heifer of tnree years old,' which is AV in Jer 48** and AVm in Is 15'. In the latter passage, A V text omits '[as].' It is still somewhat uncertain whether the word is an appellative or a proper name, although the ]att«r view has commended itself to the majority of modem scholars (Ewald, Reuss, Graf, Rothstein in Kautzsch's A.T. etc.). Delitzsch {Isaiah, ad loc.) defends the rendering of AV and Luther, laying stress upon the fact that both in Is and Jer '7if' 'y^ occurs asyndetically. He points out that it might be an appellative of Moab (cf.