The Resurrection. — The resurrection is very variously conceived. The earliest attested view in the 2nd cent. B.C. is that of (a) the resurrection of all Israel (Dn 12'''). About the same period the doctrine of (b) the resurrection of the righteous only is taught in Eth. En. 83-90. Towards the close of the same century another writer looks forward, not to a resurrection of the body, but to (c) a blessed immortality of the soul or spirit after the final judgment (Eth. En. 91-104). These views hold the field throughout the next century, and it is not tin the 1st cent, of the Christian era that they are in some measure displaced by others. These latter, which are developments of the former, are ; (rl) a blessed immortality for the souls of the righteous after death. This is one side of the larger doctrine of an immediate and final retribu- tion after death afiecting only the soul or spirit ; (c) a general resunection of all mankind preceding the final judgment.
(a) The resurrection of all Israel [Eth. En. 1-36 (.see 22), Dn 12'-«, Eth. En. 37-70 (see 51, etc.), 2 Mac V- "- »- etc. 12*"-", Apoc. Bar (B") (see 24. 30=-»50. 51)].
In 2 Mac 12"-" the possibility of a moral change taking place in Sheol seems to be implied.
(4) Tlie resurrection of the righteous only [Eth. En. 83-90 (see 90*>)].
ESCHATOLOGY
ESCHATOLOGY
r4s
In this book the righteous liave no concern in the last judguient, and do not rise till it is over.
(f) A blessed immortality for the souls of the righteous after the final judgment [Eth. En. 91-104 (see 103»* 91'° 92» 104'- ••), Assumption of Moses (see W), Slav. En. (?), Eth. En. 108 (?)].
(rf) A blessed immortality for the souls of the righteous immediately after death [Jubilees (see 23), Philo, Book of \Visdom (see S'"* 4'-'- "> etc.), 4 Mao (see 5" 9* 13" etc.)], Essene doctrine accord- in" to josephus, BJu. viii. 11.
Observe the expression in 4 Mac 13" davSvTat ■riims 'Appaifi. Kal 'laaiK Kal 'laKufi iiiroS^^oyTtu (cf. Lk le*").
(e) Resurrection of all mankind [Apoc. Bar 30-"» 50-51, 4 Ezr (Ezra Apoc. See V*"-"), Test. XII. Patr., Benj. 10].
Judgment. — Judgment is variously conceived, either as retribution which takes effect from day to day, or at great crises in national history, or as retribution which is universal and final. The last may take place either at the bei;iuning or the close of the Messianic kingdom, tn Apocalyptic literature little attention is paid to the hrst division. A most emphatic presentation of the doctrine of retribution in this life pervades 2 Mac and Jubilees. We shall here, however, confine our attention to judgment as coimected with the con- summation of the world. Now, in the last times there were generally two stages in this judgment. The former was executed by human agents, — the saints of Israel or these led by the ftlessiah, — and may be designated as the judgment by the sword, or, better, the Messianic judgment ; the latter was administered by God or, in one instance only, bv the Messiah, and constitutes in reality the final judgment.
(o) The Messianic Judgment. — This judgment (1.) may be realistically conceived as involving the destruction of the wicked by the personal prowess of the Messiah or the saints; or (ii.) it may be forensically conceived : the word of the Messiah or of the saints j<idges or destroys the wicked. The latter form of judgment is obviously a develop- ment of the former, but the two are not always kept 5Pirt.
I. The Messianic judgment realistically con- cfiivcu '.
(a) Executed by the Messiah [Ps.-Sol 17. 18 (?), Apoc. Har 39. 40. 72. 73, 4 Ezr 12*"-"].
(/9) Executed by the saints (Dn 2«, Eth. En. 90»» 91'" 96' 9S'», Or. Sibyll. 3"', Jubilees, Assump- tion of Moses 10*).
ii. The Messianic judgment forensically con- ceived :
(a) Executed by the Messiah (Ps.-Sol 17. 18, 4 Ezr 13»»- »-").
(^) Executed by the saints (Book of Wisdom 3', ef. 1 Co 6»).
(A) The Final Judgment. — This judgment is al- ways administered by God save in Eth. En. 37-70, where it is committed to the Messiah, the Son of Man. This judgment takes place either at the beginning of the Messianic kingdom or, where this kingdom is of temporary duration, at its close ; or, where no such kingdom is expected, simply at the end of this world (see section above on The Messianic Kingdom, p. 748'').
As to Sheol, Gehenna, Paradise, Heaven, see the separate articles.
LiTRRATi'RR.— Tlie Jewiah eacliatology of our period has been ^efttly nejilected In the post. Thin hwi been due partly to the ignornnce of Chritftian iK^holara, and partly to the delibi-rale i^noritift by Jewish Hcholara of thu chk'f sources of infonuation on this sutijcct, i.e. tlie Apocalyntic books. To Liickc, llil^cn- feld, and Urummond belongs, tn larjfe measure, the merit of emphasizing the importance of this literature. Drummond'e work, Th* JnpxKh ilesnah, is a sjilcndid contriliution to our knowledge of Jewish tiiought, thougli much of it is no longer abreast of our knowledge of this subject. Schwally's Das Lewn
nach dem Tode is very stimuLitin^ on this period, though fre- quently misleading. The reader maj' consult also Salmood'l Chrigtuin Doctrine o/ linmortatUy, and Stanton's The Jewiih and the Chrinlian Mettiah, where they deal with our subject.