• At the flur-e time It muat be adnittted that, even after the Ki<ihna style was formed, books in imitation of the clsuwical ityle were "^'rittcn, otherwise Ec would have to be plac-ed lon;r liter Sirttch.
LrraRATORB.— Driver, LOT i49ff.; Cheyne, art. 'Esther' !■ Ejicyc. Brit. (1878), Fowiders of OT Critici^tm. 3olt ff. ; Kuenen, OruUrzoek''. 661 fl. ; Ziinmern 'in ZA W, 18«1, p. 168 ; La^'arde, Purim ; Jacob in ZA W, 1890, p. 241 ff.; Diculatoj- in Rev. d. Et. Ju. 1888; Savce, Ezr. Neh. and Est., also BCM p. 469 ff. ; Comill. EirMlunrii, 2.13 ff. 281 9. 308 ; Ryle, Canon oj OT. 1S», 205 ; Wildeboer, tke LU. d. AT.UiS.; Schwallv, Lebm n. d. Todt,j,. 42 fl. ; Bertheau, Ezr. Neh. u. Est. (in Kgf. lldb.)W6%, 2nd ei. by V. Ryssel, 1887 ; Oettli (in Struck and Zockler's Kgf. Eom. 18S9, p. 227 ff.); Beuss, AT vU. 193 ff. See also referencea In footnotes above. J. A. M'CLYMONT.
ESTHER (Apocryphal). — See preceding article.
ESYELUS ('H(ri>7)Xo5, B*"" ri <rijfoSof, AV Syelns) 1 Es l'' = Jehiel.— One of the rulers of the temple in Josiah's time (2 Ch 35").
ETAM (cn-y, possibly 'place of birds of prey,' from B's; ' bird of prey'). — It is uncertain whether there may not have been two places so called in Judah. The to\vn Etam (1 Ch i'-^') was in Simeon, near Kimmon. It may be the place fortified by Rehoboam (2 Ch 11"), though there noticed with Bethlehem and Tekoa. The Rock Etam (Jg 15'- ") was Samson's refuge, and had in it a peculiar 'fissure' (I'y?) or 'cavern' (AV 'top'). In the Talm. an Etam near Bethlehem is noticed (see Neubauer, G^og. Talm. s.v.). These may represent three distinct sites. 1. Etam of Simeon is very clearly the ruin 'Ait tin near Rimmon of Simeon, on the hUls N.W. of Beer- sheba. SWP vol. iii. sheet xxiv. 2. Etam near Bethlehem is represented by the present 'Ain 'A tan, at the so-called Pools of Solomon (Rom. reservoirs connected with Pilate's aqueduct to Jerus. ), the traditional site of the ' sealed fountain ' (Ca 4'*), identified by the Rabbis with Nephtoah. SiVP vol. iii. sheet xvii. 3. The Rock Etam is an undefined site, but may have been near Samson's home at Zorah. There is a remarkable rocky hill to the E., on which the village Beit 'At&h now stands, nnder which is a curious cavern in the rock. The change of B for M is not uncommon (cf. TiMNAH), and this is a possible site for Samson's refuge. SWP vol. iii. sheet xvii.
LiTKKATtTRE.— Besides the above, see Robinson, BRF^ L 477 ; Guirin, Jvid)e, iii. 117 f.. 303; Baedeker-Socin, Pal.^ 134 f.; Schick, ZDPV i. 162f. ; PEFSt, 1875, 12 ; 1876, 176 ; 1878, 116 ; 1881, 43, 323 ; Conder, Tent- Work, L 276 ff. ; Moore, Judges, 342 ff.
C. R. Conder. ETHAM (DciK, LXX 'Oedfi, Ex 13*> ; Bovedw, Nu 33«- '. The Coptic has nrfduij.. Ex 13^ [Wilkins], and epovSai. [Wilkins], epovBav [Sah. Ciasca]. LXX and Cop. omit Ethara in Nu 33').— The station at which the Israelites arrived after leaving Succoth. It is described (Ex 13-'", Nu 33*) as being 'on the edge of the wilderness.' This wilderness (called W. of Etham, Nu 33«, and W. of Shur, Ex 15") was traversed by the Israelites after crossing the sea. It must therefore be east of the Isthmus of Suez, and Etham would be on its W. edge. If on leaving Egypt the Israelites went along Wady TumUat [see ExoDtrs (Route of), § i.], tliey would make for the broad tract of dry ground to the N. of Lake Timsali, and the position of Etham would be where their route crossed the EgyP- frontier, i.e. in the neighbourhood of the modern Ismailia. Naville places Etham here, but explains the word as designating the land of Atuma, which is mentioned in the papyrus Anastasi vi. The land of Atuma there mentioned is generally supposed to be the land of Edom. See Piuahiroth and the Litera- ture under Exodus (Route of), § ii. [Brugsch's ' Exodus and the Egyptian Monuments ' may lio read in English in vol. li. of the translation (1879) of his E<]tfpt tt-ndcr tke Pharaohs, or in New Ed. (1891, in' one vol.) p. 318ff.]. A. T. CHAPMAN.
ETHAN (lo'K).— 1. 'The Ezrahite' of 1 K 4'
ETHANIM
ETHICS
777
and Ps 89 (title). In the first of these passages lie U mentioneJ alon^ with other contom]ioraries(?) of Solomon, who were all surpjissed in wisdom by the Jewish monarch. In 1 Ch 2" he is .said to have been a Judican of the family of Zcrah, which is prob. another form of Ezrah (hence the patronymic EzrahUe). Instead of ' the Ezrahite ' it has been proposed to render 'n-ji^ of 1 K 4" 'the native,' i.e. the Is'^Mlite, in opposition to some of the other wise men named, who were foreigners (Cheyne, Job and Solomon, p. 131). The ascribing of Ps 89 to B. occasioned one of the curiosities of Rabbinical exej,'esig. ''X^,]>< was connected with m,ip (the east), then 'the man from the east' of Is 4P was inter- preted of Abraham, and Ethan the Ezrahite was identified with the patriarch, who thus became the author of the psalm (Driver, LOT p. xxxiii, n.). 2. An ancestor of Asaph (1 Ch 6"). In v." he is called Joah. 3. The eponj'raous ancestor of a guild of temple-singers (mentioned along with Heman and Asaph in 1 Ch 6** 15"-" etc.). His genealogy is traced by the Chronicler back to Merari, one of the sons of Levi. He is generally identified with Jeduthun. (See Jedutiiun.) J. A. Selbie.