with the paramount importance of the spiritual world.
We are well aware of the importance and the difficulty of many of the critical questions which surround the books of the Bible. In the present article, as has been already observed, they have been deliberately left aside. It would have been impossible, iu the first place, to treat them adequately in passing, and inadequate discussion is useless. But there is a further reason, which, now that the exposition of the ethics is completed, it seems well to mention again and emphasize. These critical questions are not only irrelevant to the present discussion, they are largelj- irrelevant to any discussion. Speaking generally, we may say that the Bible has had its effect very largely as it stands. It comes before us a whole, and, though criticism may display for us the process by whicli some of the OT books have come into existence, it will not seriously alter this fact. And in the case of the NT the date of the for- mation of the Canon and the publication of the various books is now put back so far that there is not room for a complicated evolution of ideas of which the traces are largely lost. Those who are concerned to trace the formative ideas in the Bible must take it as a whole. For it is in view of the unity of thought which runs through it that the separate books have been gathered into one ; this was the chief guiding principle in the formation of the Canon.
LiTERATURs [odded by the Editor ; the more useful nomefl are in small capitals).—^. THE OLD TESTAMENT: Dillmask, Ueber den Crsprum der Atttest. Religion^ 1865; Baupissin, Studien zur semit. Relujiowirjesch. (1878), u. 1-142 ; Bestmaao, Gmch. der chrut. SiUe (1880), i.; Kti.vio (Ed.), Uauplprableme der altigr. Religiomijesch. 1884; Delitzsch in fUE^ v. 178, Riehm, HWB u. 1274 ; Kuenen, Relvjion qf Israel, i. 395-397 (Eng. tr. 1874) ; Modev, Ruling Ideat in Early Ages, 1877 ; Luthardt, Hist, of Christian Ethics (Eng. tr. 1889), 33-66: Ebrard, Apologetics (Eng. tr. 1880), i. 238-238 ; Hessey, Moral Difiadtiet in the Bible, 3 vols. 1872, 1873 ; .Moore in Luz Mundi'i, 1891, 52-65 ; Ladd, Doctrine of Sacred Scripture (1883), i. 464- 4S9, 738-742 ; Robertson, Early Religion of Israel (Baird Lecture, 1889), 296-326 ; CaiUard, Progressive Revelation (1896), 20-37 ; SCULLTZ, OT Theol. (Eng. tr. 1892), i. 147ff., 213II., ii. 62ff.; Bruce, Ethics of the Old Test. 1895 ; Smyth, Christian Ethia (1892), 88 93, 483-486; SUnton in Camb. Comp. (1893), 314-319; Stro.vo, Christian Ethics (BL, 1896), 12-20, 3.V-16.
B. THE APOCRYPHA : Keerl, Apokriiphen de» AT, 1862, Das Wort Gottes «. die Apokr. lS.i3, Die Apokryphen/rage, 1S55 ; Luthardt, Hist, of Chr. Ethics (Eng. tr. 1889), 67-74 ; Schiirer, HJP li. U. 90 ff.; Moktepiorb, Origin and (Jrowth of Religion (llib. Lect. 1892), 484-496.
C. THE NEW TESTA.\IE.\T AND CHRISTIANITY: Bohmer, System des chr. Lebens, 1863 ; Wendt, Einleitung in di» Ethik, 1864; Schmid, Christ. Sittenlehre, ed. Heller. 1887; Maurice, Epistles of St. John, Christian Ethics, 1867 ; Light- foot, 'St. Paul and Seneca,' in Com. on Philipp. (1868), 270-333, also in Dissertations, 247-322; Harless, Snslem of Chr. Ethic* (Eng. tr.), 1868; Weizs.'ickcr, ' Anfange cliristlicher Sitte,' in JDTh, 1S76, 1-36; Thoma, Gesch. der christ. Sittenlehre in der Zeit des NT, 1879 ; Wultke, Handb. der chr. Sittenlehre (1873), 17-242 (Eng. tr. Christiiin Ethics, 1873), new ed. by Schulze, 1895; Culmann, Chr. Elhik, 1874; Wace, Christianity and Mnralilv, 1878 ; Smith (L O.). Characteristics of Chr. Morality (BL, 1876); von Ilofmann, Theologische Ethik, 1878; Lanjce, Grand, der Christ. Ethik, 1878; Jlartensen, Christian Ethics, Eng. tr.,3voK 1878-1882; Bestmass, Gesch. der Christ. SitH, vol. 1. 1880 (ii. 1885) ; Ersesti, Ethik des Apastels PaxUxu, 1880 ; Pfleiderer, Grumi. der Glaubens- und Sittenlehre, 1880; Lecky, Hist, of Enrojiean Morals, 1S82 ; Frank, System der Christ. Sittlichkeit, 1884-1887 ; Martineau.T^ipi-so/i.'WiVa; Theory, 1885 ; DoRNER, Christ. Sittetvlehre, 18S5 (Eng. tr. 1887); Chcrcb, Discipline of the Chr. Character, 1888 ; Goss, Gesch. der christ Ethik, 1881-1888; SlDOWlcK, Outlines of Hist, of Ethics, 1886; Ziegler, Gesch. der christ. Elhik, 1386 ; Wcstcott, Social A spectt of Christianity, 1887 ; Flugel, Die Sittenlehre Jem, 1888 ; Hatch, Greek Ideas and the Chr. Church (llib. Led. 1883), 158-170; Matbeson, Larulmarkt of NT MoralUy, 1888 ; Luthardt, Hitt. of Chr. Ethics (Eng. tr. 1889), 77-104 ; Stanton, Province of Chr. Ethics, 1890; Ottlbt, 'Christian Ethics," in Lux Mundt (12th ed. 1891), 340-395; Scharling, Christ. Sittenlehre, 1392; Bright, Morality in Doctrine, 18'J2 ; Smttii, Christian Ethics, 1392 ; Uaird, Evolution of Religion (OiBoni Lect. 1893), i. 339 fl., ii 92 ff 127 ff. ; KsioilT, The Christian Ethic. 1893 ; DRrMMOND, yia Veritas Vila (llib. I-ect. 1894), 209-280 ; Findlay, Christian Doctrine and Morals (Fcmley Lect.), 1894 ; Stroso, Christian Ethics {BL, 1805), esp. 20-22, 47-73, and sects, iii iv. ; Harless, OArt»(. Ethik, 8th ed. 1895; Kidd, Moralilii and Religion (Kerr Lect. 1896), 383-401; Kuebel, Christ. Ethik, 1800; Lulhirdt,
ETHIOPIA
ETHIOPIA
789
Kcnpml. drr Ihrol. Bthik, 1806 ; T\-nim9 In Th' Aneifnl Faith in MmI. Lioht (1S97). 49-'S ; Harris, <J'Mi the Creator (18117), ii. 17t-iy2; B'^rtos, 'The Kthical Teuchinra of Jesus in Relation to the Ethics of the I'hariuces and OT,' in Biblical Ifortd (lsa7X X. 198-208 ; Bovos, ilorale Chritienne, 1887-1808.
T. B. Stkono. ETHIOPIA {AWiovla), the name whereby the LXX tranpliitors rendered the Heb. b^3 passim, and in Ps 72» and 74" the Heb. or*.