FAVOUR.— The interest of the biblical use of this word resides chiefly in its relation to the term grace. It has not, like that term, obtained any aoctrinal siKnificance. Wliile x''p" in the LXX (Vulg. gratia) is its prevailing equivalent, it is used only six times in IsT to tr. that word (see also Lk 1^ KexapiTwpJrr), ' highly favoured ' ; marg. ' graciously accepted ' or ' much graced '). Grace, in fact, whUe including favour, implies much more. And it comes as a free gift ('Gratia, nisi gratis sit, non est gratia'), while favour may be won or deserved. To obtain favour is to please, to show favour is to be pleased.
In OT the distinction is, however, hardly per- ceptible. The instinct of the translators led them, it is true, to avoid the adjective 'favourable' as a rendering of pin ('gracious ') used only of God (with the one possible exception of Ps 1 12*. See Cheyne, The Book of Psalms, in loe.), but the verb [jn and its other derivatives are often represented by ' favour.' Thus [n, 38 times rendered ' grace,' is 28 times tr'' ' favour.' Nor is the sense of strengthen- ing help, so prominent in the former word, alto- gether absent from the latter. (See Ps 5" ' with favour wilt thou compass him as with a shield.')
Eight other Heb. roots, implying kindness, good- teill, pity, are represented in the AV by ' favour.' The most frequent of these is |1ST = acceptance, rendered 16 times 'favour.' For ngn loving-kind- ness, ' favour ' is employed only 3 times.
The LXX vary much more tlian the Eng. tr., the idea of pity pronouncing itself in fKtot, while that of goodtmll comes out in evooKia, ffAij/ao, Trp6- auirov {c';v). So in the Vulg. we find misericordia, voluntas, vultus. A. S. AOLEN.
FEAR. — For the theology of Fear see next article. Some obsolete or arcliaic uses deserve notice.
1. Following the Heb. idiom, 'my fear,' 'thy fear,' etc., stands for the 'fear of me,' 'of thee,' etc. : Ex 23" 'I will send my fear before tliee' ('n:?-!*, RV ' my terror ') ; Job Sr* ' let not his fear terrify me ' {'r\-><, RV ' his terror ') ; Jer 2" ' my fear is not in thee ' ("07175). Similarly Ps 90" ' even according to thy fear, bo is thy wrath ' (tinNi*?, RV ' according to the fear that is due unto thee,' so Perowue ; Del.* Cheyne, 'the fear of thee,' witli tlie same meaning ; De Witt, ' But who has yet learned the power of Thine anger, And Thy wrath as measured Ly the reverence due Thee ? ') j Is 63" ' O Lord, why hast thou made us to err from thy ways, and hardened our heart from thy fear?' (^riKTip, so RV ; Del. ' so that we fear tlice not,' evidently the geni- tive of the object ; Orelli, ' that it fears not thee ') ; M'-l 1* ' if I be a master, where is my fear ?' ('><^iD). Earlier VSS contained this idiom yet oftener, as Gn V Wye. (1382) ' youre feor and youre tremblyng be upon alle the beestis of erthe' (1388 'youre drede and tremblyng,' AV ' the fear of you and the dread of you ). 2. After another Heb. idiom
* The rjfflx. says Delltzsch, b either the genitive of the sub- ject, is. according to Tiiy fcarfulneMs (-"IN*^*, as in Ezk \^^) ; or of the object, 'ace. to the fear that is due unto thee.* The latter way of taking it is more natural in iuelf (cf. v.s, Ex ^o-"". Dt !i^), and here cliaracterixeH tile knowledge that is so rarely found as a knowledge ttmt is det«rmineil by the fear of God and tnilv religious.
'fear' is used for the object of fear, that which is feared : Gu 31" ' the God of Abraham, and the fear of Isaac ' (nn;, RV ' Fear,' as a proper name : but to personify is to miss the idiom, of which S])urrell {Motes on tJte Text of Gen.) gives examples from Pesli. Targ. etc.), so v.", Ps 31" 'I was a reproach among all mine enemies, but especially among my neighbours, and a fear to mine acquaint- ance' (ins); Is 24'* ' he who Heeth from the noise of the fear shall fall into the pit' (nris) ; Ps 53' 'There were they in great fear, wiiere no fear* was' (d^" in? n;rrii'? inj-nnj ) ; Pr 1" ' I will mock when your fear coraeth ' (Qj'ins) ; Is 8"- " ' neither fear ye their fear, nor be afraid. Sanctify the Lord of Hosts himself ; and let him be your fear, and let him be your dread ' (nrxTD . . . 'iKiiD) ; Ps 34* 'I sought the Lord, and he heard me, and delivered me from all my fears' ('nnsiD) ; Pr 10" 'The fear of the wicked, it shall come upon him' (yj'T nii:p) ; Is ti6* ' I also will choose their delusions, and bring their fears upon them ' (Dvnuo). Cf. Pr 10^ Cov. ' The waye 01 the LoRDE geuetli a corage vnto ye godly, but it is a feare for wicked doers ' ; Herbert, The Temple, 120, 1. 29—