(1) The Holy Sanctuary (i.e. the Holy of Holies)-
(2) the Tent of Meeting (i.e. the Holy Place) ; (3) the altar (i.e. of bumt-oflering) ; (4) the priest ; (5) all the congregation.
It is significant that there is no mention of the Day of Atonement until Sir 50'^-. Zee 3° is doubt- ful. In Neh 8 it might have been expected. Neh Y7Sb_938 records (1) the observance of the Feast of Trumpets on the first day of the seventh month of the year B.C. 444 ; (2) the celebration of the Fe-ist of Tabernacles, including the reading of the books of the law day by day, from the 15tn to the 22nd of the same month ; (3) the observance of a day of general fasting and prayer on the 24th day of the same month. Either the 24th day was observed in place of the Day of Atonement on the lOtli dav, or the latter had not yet been appointed. It is difficult to avoid the latter alternative. ' This testimonium e silentio is enough ; down to that date (B.C. 444) the great day of the Priestly code (now introduced for the first time) had not existed ' (Wellhausen, Prolegomena, p. 111). For the refer- ences in the NT see Ro 3'-"* (iKaar-fipiov, rria:), He 2" 414-I8 51-10 gis. JO 'ya2-28 gi-« gii-it 1310-12 1 Jn 2" 4"
(IXacTjuo's) (Willis, Worship of the Old Covenant, pp. 201-214; Edersheim, The Temple, etc., ch. xvi. pp. 263-288). See further. Atonement (Day of). (2) Other Fasts. — The Dayof Atonement was the onlv fast day prescribed by the law. But we read of indiWdual and national fasts in Jg 20'-'*, 1 S 7' 31", 2 S 12", 1 K 21»- '" ", Jon 3'- ''• \ .fer 14''' 30"'- », La 2'», Jl l" 2'-- », Is .58'-', Neh 0"'-, Est 4-«, Dn 10», 1 Mac 3". Two passages in Zee call for comment,
FEASTS AND FASTS
FEASTS AND FASTS
863
SYNOPSIS OF FEASTS AND FASTS.
Group,
Feast or Fut.
1. Sabbath
2. New Mooa
3. Sabbatical Montb, Feast of Trumpets
i. Sabbatical Tear
Exodua,
1623-*) 208 231=3113-18 8421 S6S
40111
2310. U
Leritaciu.
193 2SS2fl3
2SM.K
261-7.20 23 2632- 3S
Numben.
163M6289-10
1010 2S11-"- 31 298
291-«
Deutero- nomy.
Sis-U
151-11 319-13
References outside Peatateuch.
1 8 20». «, 2 K 4a 118-7, Neh89-I31ipi 1315-22, Is 662^8 6S12, Jer 17»-»7, Ezk 2012-18, Hos 213, Am 8°
Referenres in New Test.
Ut 12'J-13, Mk 31^, Lk
CD-ID 1310-17 Jn 51 18, 914-19.
1 S 205, Ps 813. «, l8 Col 2l«.
113.1-1, Am 85, IMac i
NehSS-M
2Ch 3621, Neh 1031, Jer 34", 1 Mac 653
6. Jubilee Tear
26*-*' 2717-2*
Is 611-2 634, Jer 34* Lk 41*21, Rev 211-e.
14. 16. 17 (■/), Ezk 4617
1. Passover Uafzdth
and 12. 131-10
2314-17
23»-U
9^14 2810-25
161-8. U
Jos 50 10, 2 K 2.321 23, 2 Ch 30. 35, Ezr 619, Ezk 4621
Mt 261 2, 5lk 141.12 14-18, Lk 2-»221-7. 8, 11-13-16, Jn 213 64
1166 121 131 1828.39
1914, Acta 124 1 Co 6*«.
2. Pentecost
222» 2316. 18
3422.26
2310-0
282M1
1«»-1S
2 Mao 1233
Ac 21 2018, 1 Co 168.
t. Tabernacle!
2316 349
2334-36. S9-U
291140
1613-16 3110-13
1K82 1232, 2Ch53 7», Ezr 34 814-17, Zee
1418-19
Jn 71-1021.
L Purim
L Dedication or Lights
Est 916^32, 1 Mac 749, 2 Mac 1636
1 Mac 45»«, 2 Mac
106-7
Jn 51 (7).
Jnl02».
E:-^
Day of Atonement .
MM*
297-U
Zee 8»(?), Sir 60««- 1 Ac 279, He 21* 414-16
6' 1" 619.20 723.28 81-8 91116.
7''' and 8". In T*"' Zechariah, in answer to an in- quiry put to him by the men of liethel about fast- inj;, declares that J" demamis no fasts, but only observance of His moral commands. Two fasts had been in observance in the 5th and 7th montlis for seventy years, — tlie fast of the 5th month (9th Abib), in memory of the destruction of the city and temple by fire (2 K 25") ; and the fast of the 7tb month (2nd Tisri), in memory of the murder of Gedaliah and the annihilation of all that remained of the Jewish state (Jer 41). In ch. 8 he pictures the Messianic future, when the fast days willbecomesea-tonBof gladne.ss and cheerful feasts. He adds to 7'° two other fasts : the fa.st of the 4th month (17th Tnmmuz), in memory of the capture of Jerusalem (.ler .39-), and the fast of the 10th nxinth (10th Tebetli), in memory of tht com- mencement of thesicKe of Jeru.-^alem by Nebuchad- rezzar (2 K 25'). Zechariah knows nothin;; of 'the Fa.it' — the Day of At<mement. Later fa-sts ' came into a position co-ordinate with the feasts, ana became a stated and very important element of the ordinary worship' (Wellhausen, PruUgu-
mena, 112). Fasting degenerated into formalism and self-righteousness. In the NT cf. Mt 6""'- 9", Mk 21"'-, Lk S""- 18", Ac 27», 2 Co 6» 11-''. After the destruction of Jerusalem b.v Titus, the system of fasts received such an impulse that it was necessary to draw up a list of the daj's on which fa.sting was forbidden. The present Jewi.sli calendar contains twentj'-two fa.st-days, besides the Day of Atonement, the Fast of Esther, and the four fiusts of Zee 8'9 (Edersheim, The Temple, etc., pp. 297-301).
LlTBRATCRB. — Edershclm, The Tempi*: iU Minuttry and Seri'icejt, 144-300, The Life and Tinier of Jfxiif the Mesgiah ; Oeikie, The Li/e and Worde of Christ ; \\'cllhausen, Prolrnn- ■mma, 83-120 ; Scliultz, OT Theology, i. 180. IW. 2112, 359-3419 372, 402. On p. 350 will be found an exlmustive list of Cennni. literature on the 'Sacred Seasons.' Vol. ii. 87-luo ; Willis, Tht Worship 0/ the Old Covenant, 190-214 ; W. R. Smith, The J*rophets of Igrarl, new ed. with intro<i. and notes bv I'rnf. Chovnc, :«j, 60, 3M. OTJC, 240, 209, liS^, 221, 227, 245, 2S0, 3411., 396, 403f., 416, 4:M, 4.'i2, 464; Cobb, Oriliiien Jvdaiar, 137-1.39 ; Uolicrtson, Karlii IMirrion of Israel, 303, 372, S78, iS.'i, 307. 401, criticJHiii of Wcllliuuson ; Schiiror, U.fP {jtaturita); Wut.son, Catnltriit'if Vomjmnion to the llihte, 411-417; Driver, Druti-ronoiny (i^tnyiin), Joel and Amos. 16, 43 f., 55; Trumbull, r/irMAoMC'oMlluiU, 209t., «W. E. El.MKk Hardino.