that school. Pfleiderer, e.g., says (Eibbert Led. p. 103, cf. p. Ill), 'the agreement as to the chief points is in any case greater than the discrepancies in the details, and these dis- crepancies can be for the most part explained simply by the ditference of the standpoint of the relaters."
It is further objected that the conduct ascribed to St. Paul in the Ac is inconsistent with the attitude he assumes and the principles he main- tains in Gal. In Ac he is represented as circum- cising Timothy (16»), as shaving his head in fulfil- nient of a vow (18"), as attending the Jewish feasts (20'"), and as being at charges for four men who had a vow on them (2V^-^). Such acts of conformity to the law are, it is thought, incom. patible witli the principle St. Paul lays down in the Ep., ' If ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing.' The solution is obvious. When St. Paul makes this strong statement, what he means is, If you observe the ordinances of Moses because you believe them to be necessary to salvation, Christ shall profit you nothing. To- gether with this fundamental principle he held also as an ethical maxim, that it is right to become all things to all men, a Jew to the Jew if need be. And when he observes the Mosaic ordinances in tlie temple, it is not because he believes they have any virtue for salvation, but because he wishes to give no oflence to his Jewish brethren. These Jewish observances have become to him matters of indifference, and only when they are lifted out of their proper position and considered essentials do they become dangerous. ' Neither is circumcision anything, nor nncircumcision ' (Gal 6'°, cf. 1 Co 7"*). That he did not yield when it was demanded of him as a matter of principle that he should circumcise Titus, is perfectly consistent with his circumcisin" Timothy as a concession to expedi- ency. No doubt St. Paul's principle carried with it the inference that as circumcision and the keeping of the whole ceremonial law were un- necessary for the Gentiles they were unnecessary for Jews also. But if the Jew clung to t)ie temple service, the stated hours of prayer, and other observances, while at the same time he recognized that Christ alone was sutiicient for salvation, St. Paul rather defended than de- nounced his position. So long as the observances of the law were treated as matters of indifference, St. Paul was content to leave the Jewish conscience to the education which time must bring. His attitude towards things inditlerent is fully ex- plained in 1 Co 8, 10^-^.
2. Collision with St. Peter at Antioch. — In Gal 011-14 yfg (i^j i^ description of a scene which 13 certainly derogatory to the dignity of St. Peter, and which casts su.spicion even on his authority. Naturally, this has ([uickened in the interpreting mind a desire in some way to shield the great apostle. Clement of Alex, held that the Cephas ot (Jal 2 was not the apostle, but 'one of the seventy disciples, a man who uore the same name' (Ktiseb. JIE I. xii. 2). Although many persons jidoidod this view, it was so manifestly untenable that the idea was started that the two ajiostles arranged the scene for the edification of the people, who might thus more clearly see the folly ol Judaizing. The chamiiion of this idea was Jerome, who, how- ever, says that it was first broached by Origeu. A somewhat angry corresjiondcnce followed be- tween Augustine and Jerome, in which the former found it easy to expose the lameness of the [iro- posed interpretation. Ho maintained that ' to speak well of a falsehood uttered in God's behalf was a crime not less, perhaps even greater, than to speak ill of His truth' (see Augustine's Letters, esp. '28 and 4ii). Strangely enough, the idea .seemed to attract many minds. Clirysostom advocated it, and Theodore speak? of it as at any rate a
OS
GALBANUM
GALILEE
possible view ['sive consensu ipsani controversiam inler se siunilaverunt pro alioniin utilitate, snnt vere (juideni niirandi, eo (|U(i(i omnia ail uliorum utilitati'ni facere ailiiuievenuit 'J. The point is treated willi fulness in Liglitl'oot, Gal., 127-131.
LiTKRATrRE. — The four preat Greek commentators, Chrysos- toni, Theodore of Mopsiieslhi, Theod(»ret, and Theciphylact, art- always lucid and sensible, although the two last named are fur tlie most part reproductions of the two Jirst mentioned. The late Jtishop Li^'htfoot in his ComnuMitary on the Epistle devoted several pa^jes C}tp. 'i'Jo-"j:Vit to an account and estimate of the patristic and media'val writers who have dealt with it. To this nothing need be added e.vcept that the com. of Tlieodore can now be consulted in the convenient ed. of T)r. Swete published by the Cnmb. LTniv. Press in l^S0-Is,s-2. Anions' the Latin Fathers, Jerome and Aiif^ustine have both left exposi- tions of this l'4iistle, the former osp. l>ein(;r of value. Ainonj; the Keformers, Luther, Calvin, and lieza may bo consulted with advantajre. Estius, IJensrel. and Wetstein contribute much from their special points of view, .\inonff more recent exposi- tions tlie followinfj are wortliv of mention: Ustori, Komm. aber d. Out. (IS.'ia) ; Schott, /ip/s/i.lir P. ad Them, et Gall. (1S.S4); Windischuninn (Koman Calli. } Krkiavungd. Gal. (IM3); Hiteenfeld, Dei- <;aliilei-hrief(\*:fl\: liUieott, Crit. and Gram. Ciimmeiit.on ffu/. (ISM) ; .lowett. The. E/iistleiiof Paid (IKiD, 2nil ed, l>9-n; liispinK {Itom. t'ath.). Gat. (ind ed. ISIM) ; Hol'mann. fJie heit. Si-rift XT, ii. 1 (1S68); Lichtfoot. St. Paiifu Up. to Gal. (1S6S) ; Meyer. Crit. and Exegetical Iland- fc())/l-(lS"ni; Sanday in Ellicotfs .VT" (1S"9) ; llolsten, Dax Eeantjelium d. FauUis (ISSO); Philippi, Gal. erkldrt (IS^); Siert'ert in the re-eilili'd Mever (ISsili ; Palmieri (Ucun. Cnth.), ffii/. (1SS6); Schatfin IUhkLi-. Paiiular (\,ni.{\^^\) ; Beet, Com. on St. PiinfK Eji. to Gal. 1 1S^.'.) ; Findlay in E.e ponitor' h Bible (ISSS); (ioebel, yeutettt. .-^chri f'ttu l l^^'.O ; CoriK-h (Uom.Cath.), ffa/, (1890); Lip.sius in //.7« ./-.'<.«/;//. i-'nd ed. \<vl',\ Ziicklerin Strack and Zockler's Kflf. ( oiinn. c.'nd ed. 1S!I41 ; IS. Weiss, Die Paul in. Brief e (18110) ; Zahn, Einleit. in d. Xr (IsOTl. [rsefnl bibiiofjraphical lists will be found in Meyer. Sietfert, and I.i|.sius.]