Et dicet tunc Altissiraus ad excitatas gentes
" Videte contra et in contra ; hie jocunditas et requies, et ibi ignis et tormenta.'"
III. Its Meaning in the NT.— In the NT Gehenna is always the final place of punishment into which the wicked are cast after the last judg- ment. It is a place of torment both for body and soul. Thus Mt 5-" 'It is profitable for thee th.at one of thy members should perish, and not thy whole body go into Gehenna.' So also in 5'". Some have argued that Christ has here only the living in view ; but this limitation appears un- warranted. It is not till after the final judgment that the wicked are cast into Gehenna. At the resurrection, soul and body are united. Both are punished in Gehenna. Gehenna as the last punish- ment was conceived also as the worst. It slew both soul and body — not, indeed, in an absolute sense, but relatively. Thus Mt 10^ ' Fear him which is able to destroy both soul and boiiy in Gehenna.' Cf. Lk 12». This final stage of retri- bution is carefully distinguished in Eth. En. 22"'". There the souls in the third division of Sheol are raised in order to be delivered over to their worst penalty, but of the sinners in the fourth division it IS said : ' Their souls will not be slain on the day of -iidgment, nor will they be raised from thence.'
'or the phrase ' slaying of the soul ' in tbis con- nexion, compare also Eth. En. 108'-". Gehenna is conceived as a fire, Mt 5'^ 18" ; an unquenchable fire, Mk 9'"> ; as a place where ' their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched,' Mk 9'^ ; a 'furnace of fire,' Mt 13^-'«'; 'the outer darkness,' Mt 8'- 22'3 25=". It is the 'lake of fire' in Rev 1920 20i»- "• >« 2I». Hades is finally cast into it. Rev 20". In the NT Hades and Gehenna seem never to be confused together.
IV. In later .Judaism.— Here Gehenna is con- ceived as a Purgatory for faithless Jews, who were afterwards to be admitted into paradise, but still remained the place of eternal perdition for the Gentiles (cf. Weber, Jitdische Thcolorjic'-, [ip. 341, 342 ; Driver, Sermons on OT, 79 f., 87, 89 f., 97).
R. H. Chahi.ks. GELILOTH (n'lS'V^, TaXm^e, A "AvaX.XAwfl).- One
^;
of the places mentioned in Jos 18" as defining th* S. boundary of Benjamin. The border, it is said, after leaving the valley of tlie son of Hinnom, 'went out' first to Eu-shemesh (probably 'Ain I.Iaurl, about 2 miles E. of Jerus:ilem), and after- wards to G. 'in front of the ascent of Adummim,' and so passed on into the Jordan Valley. The 'a.scent of Adummim' is in all probability the ascent, some 5 miles long, leading up from tlie plain of Jericho to Tala'at ed-Dumm, aliout 6 miles E.N.E. of Jerusalem, on the regular route between Jerusalem and Jericho. The place G, has not, however, been identified ; and all that can be said about it is that it was some spot on the boundary between Benjamin and Judah, conspicu- ous as a landmark to a traveller climbin" up this steep ascent. In Jos 15', where the N. boundary of Judah (in the opposite direction) is descrihed, the place, similarly described, is called Gilijal (Sj^sn, LXX B Taaydd, A VaXydX). We have 'no means of determining which is the true reading ; the idea that the Gilgal between Jericho and the Jordan can be intended is, of course, quite out of the question ; the border, at the point in question, must, as is evident from the terms employed ('went up,' IS"''-'"; 'went down,' 18""'- '*''), have been above the plain.
Geliloth, in the sense, as it seems, of circuits or districts, appears also (in the Heb.) as the technical name of the administrative districts of the Philistines (Jos 13-, Joel 3 (4)^ ; cf 1 Mac 5'=)— perhaps, of those ruled by their five ' lords ' (Jos 13^). It occurs likewise in the obscure and uncertain expression (Jos 22"'-"), 'districts of Jordan ' (jl!"]:'? niS''j3), which describes the locality in which the altar ' Ed ' was built by the 2i tribes.
S. R. Driver.
GEM.— See Stones (Peectous).
GEMALLI ('V?^ • camel • owner,' or 'my re- warder'). — Father of the Danite spy, Nu 13'- P.
GEMARA.— See TALMUD.
GEMARIAH (n;-)=3, innia 'J" hath accomplished '). — 1. .\ son of Shaphan the scribe, from whose cham- ber B.aruch read the prophecies of Jeremiah in the e.ars of .all the people. He vainly sought to deter king Jehoiakim from burning the roll (Jer 30'"- " ^- "). 2. A son of Hilkiah who carried a letter from Jeremiah to the captives at Babylon (Jer 29'').
GENDER (a dipt form of 'engender,' which conies from Lat. ingcnerare, through Old Fr. en- gcndrer, the d being excrescent after n as in ' tender ' from tener) is used in AV both transi- tively and intransitively, both literally and figuia- tively. The trans, and lit. sense ' to beget ' ia common in Wyclif, as Mt 1" (1380) 'Abraham gendride, or bigate, Ysaac' ; and Ec 6^ (1388) 'If a man gendrith an hundrid fre sones, and lyvetb many yeris, and hath many dales of age, and bis soule usith not the goodis of his catel, and wantith biriyng ; Y pronounce of this man tliat a deed borun cliild is betere than he.' It is from Wye. (1388) that the AV tr. of Job 38^ conies, "I'ha hoary frost of heaven, who hath gendered it ? ' (n^';, Gen. ' ingendred ' ; RVm ' given it birth '). In Zee 13= Wye. uses the word of mother as well as father, ' his fader and nioder that gendridcn hym,' and in the same verse be speaks of 'his fadir and modir, gendrers of hym'; and then in Gal 4=-' he employs the word of the mother alona = bear, bring forth children, 'gendrin^e in to seruage.' This has passed into AV (in Tindale'i form ' which gendreth unto bondage ') through al' the intermediate versions (Gr. th bovKtlav ytw^aa, RV ' bearin" children unto bondage ).