GOAH (il?3). — An unknown locality near Jeru- salem (Jer 31"). LXX gives, instead of a proper name, (^ ixXticTuv \i0oiv.
GOAT. — Of the six Heb. words used for tlie tame goat, one si^ifies the ij. generically, and, wlierc tlie context indicates it, the she goat. One is used in the masc. and fem. forms to indicate the Ae g. and she g. respectively. Three are used for the he g. only. One is used in AV for the scapegoat, wliich was prob. no "oat at all, and is therefore trans- literated in RV 'azAzel. Beside these there is one word which undoubtedly signihes the icild g., and another which prob. refers to the same.
1. ly Vz, dif, (pi<pos, capra, hoedtis, Arab, ma'z, fem. 'unz. The plu. cij.' izztm signifies the g. gene- ricallv (Ex 12° etc.). In this sense c-is,' nj? (Dt 14*) signifies a head or individual of the goats, ciy -is ( Jg 6'") a kid of the goats. It is also used for she goats, the context showing the meaning (Gn 30*° 31** 32" etc.). It is also used elliptically for goat's hair (Ex 26' etc.). In the sing. (Lv 17^) it sometimes signi- fies an individual g., without reference to sex ; at others, where the context points out tlie meaning, a she g. (Gn 15"). The Aram. plu. piy (Kzr 0'") also refers to goats genericalli/, and the construct state nV'TP>' signifies 'he goats of the goats' (cf. DnS"-').
2. I'VJ' sd'ir, x^f^pi^t hirctts. This word occurs freq. in Lv and Nu as the designation of the g. of the sin-ofTcring. In its masc. form in construct Btate with ciy it siCTiifies the he g. (Lv 4-'), and in its fem. ■Ti'vy' «^'!"r<}«, x'^/xatpa, in construction with d:U', the .ihe g. (Lv 4*). The compound expression is in AV rendered 'a kid of the goats,' in liV better, simply ' goat.' Sd'ir comes from the root i]!V sa'ar=shag or roiigh hair (cf. Arab, shn'r). In this sense it is used with Tfy, one of the worils for he g.,U> indicate his shngginess, Dn 8'-' ( A V ' rough g., RV ' rough he g.,' lit. ' the he g. the shaggy ').
3. rn'ii'attud, used only in plu. c-^ip]t'attudim (the same as the Arab, 'atua, plu. a'lidah), rpiyot, (cpioi, Xlliapoi, hirci. It is tr'' in LXX of Ps 50" x'Mo/""" (AV and RV ' he goats,'), and v." rpiyuv (AV and RV 'goats'). It is rendered (Gn 31"'-'=) AV 'rams, AVm and RV 'he goats,' LXX ol rpdyoi Kal ol Kpiol, as if tlie translator were uncertain which was intended, or meant to indicate that both were included, or else read from a ditl'erent text. 'He guftts (attiUlim, LXX SpiKofrt^) before the flocks' (Jer 50*) signifies leaders. 'Chief ones ('attudim, LXX ipiavrei) of the earth' (Is 14») is a metapliorical rendering of he goats, AVni 'leaders or 'great '•oa.l»,\iVm he guats. 'Pun- ished the goats' (RV 'he goats'), LXX ifuiovf (Zee lff>) refers to ehi'fs.
4. Tf;i zdphir, rpdyof, hircus ; D'H'^ T;>( zi'/ihir hdizzim, rpdyot atyCif (Dn S'-'); O'l'cy fi^/>hirim, Xifdpom (2 Ch 29", Ezr 8"). Aram. I'lV "I'ti, x'^d- povt alywr (Ezr 6"). This word (Aram, and late Heb.), from the root i5)( zdphar, signifying to leap, refers to the lie goat alone. It is combined with td'ir. See (2).
GOAT
t9d
5. B>:ri tai/iih, rpiyot, aries, hircus. Tlie same aj the Arab, tais, and means a he goat only (Pr 30"). Plu. cv'S tlydshim, rpiyoi (Gn 30*> 32", 2 Ch 17", not in LXX).
6. 7\tiyj^'azdz€l, AtroTroinratoi, caper emissaries, AV scapegoat, RV Azazel (Lv 16*- '"•-"). See Azazel.
Goats have always been a large item in the wealth of the people of Bible lands. Laban had large flocks of goats (Gn 30*^- ^). Jacob gave two hundred she goats and twenty he goats to Esau (Gn 32"). Nabal had a thousand goats (1 S 25''). Sheep and goats were kept together in flocks (Mt 25'--^). Kids especially were used as food (Gn 27», Jg 6;» 13", Lk 15^). The prohibition against 'seething a kid in his mother's milk' (Ex 231" 34»", Dt 14=) may refer to the dish known to the Arabs as leben immu, i.e. 'liis mother's milk.' It consists of meat, stewed in clabber, with onions, mint, and other condiments. It was probably not intended to prohibit this savoury dish altogether, but to prevent the unnatural- ness of stemng a kid in its own mother's milk. (For other possible explanations see W. R. Smith, iW p. 204 n., and Driver on Dt 14"). A pro- vision of a similar kind forbade the taking of a hen bird with her brood, or her eggs (Dt 22"). The Jews, however, interpret the passage as interdict- ing them from this mode of cooking flesh alto- gether. Goat's milk was nevertheless much used then as now (Pr 27-'^). Goats were readily convert- ible into money (Pr 27^). The ' bottles ' in which wine was kept (Jos 9*, Ps 1 19», Mk 2=*) were made of g. skins. They were made by cutting oH" the head and legs, and drawing the carcase out by the neck, and then tying the neck, legs, and vent, and tan- ning the skin, with the hairy side out. Goat's hair was used in the construction of the Tabur- nacle (Ex 26' 35'-* 36") and for other purposes (1 S 19"). Its usually black colour is alluded to (Ca4'6'). The intractable and mischievous nature of the goat is contrasted with the ;.'ontle and innocent disposition of the sheep (Mt 25 -•^). The goat is mentioned in Apocr. (Jtli 2").