gives 'Gotte.sgute.' RV has ' divinity,' retaining ' Godhead ' for tfeirijs.
Each word occurs once only in NT. Nor is tiirv found ii LXX, and Uuirrt only once. Wis 189 («^t«. riit 8i/iTr»« >e"<p ii <nM,o.« ii;tii>T*, AV 'and with one consent made a huly law,* AVm 'or a covenant of (jmI or league,' RV 'and witli one consent they took uiMjn themselves tlie covenant of the divins law,' RVm ' Gr. law of dieineness '). On this Westcott (Lettont of the R V of ST, p. Ill f.) draws attention to ' the care taken by the Revisers to represent words of a single occurrence in the original by words of single occurrence in the Eng. version.' Besides ' divinity ' in Uo 1* for tui-rv and ' Godhead "^ (for which he seems to prefer ' deity ') in Col 21 for «i»Tr(, he mentions 'apparition' for «<i>T»r.uo Mt H'J». SIk (.4» ; 'awe' for Ji«t Ue V>^; 'billows' for »«x« Lk 2125; ■ concealed ' for t«^««. AiTinrOoci Lk »«; 'conduct' for «>«>^, 2Ti3'»; 'confute' for itxxctTtXiyx*<^** Ac 18'^: 'demeanour' for ««T«rr»5ua Tit 2S; 'discipline' for fo^;ptufiAis 2 Ti 17 ; 'disrepute' for itjO.vyu.ie Ac la-"^ ; 'effulgence' for oLVKCyoL^tjut He 13; 'goal' for rxarie I'h 3'-' ; ' impostor ' for yiyit 2 Ti a>3 ; ' to interpose ' for /ur^riiut lie 017 ; ' justice ' for r. A/«»i Ac 'is* ; ' to moor ' for vpt^^eu^^ifftimt llko^; 'sacred' for i'i^« ICoO", 2Ti 3"; 'to sbuililer' for if.irrut Ja 211; 'stupor' tor ««t«.i/{,( Ro 118; 'to train' for »«</io..'!;d. Tit 2* ; ' tranquil ' for iiftwK 1 Ti 22 ; ' undressed ' for iyMiitf Mt 9'<', Mk 221 ; and 'without seU.contror for <U»rrc 2 Ti 33.
In modern English the word ' Godhead ' is mostly confined to a neuter sense, as if it were the proper tr" of rh eeTof, and of that alone. In older English it was a synonym for ' divinity,' which, as we have seen, was not distinguished, as it is scarcely distin- guished yet, from 'deity.' The Khem. NT has the marg. note to Jn 6"* ' Heretikes bclceve not the real presence because they see bread and wine, as the Jewes believed not his Godhead because of the shape of a poore man.' Tindale ((Kf/rA-.*, i. 200) speaks ironically of 'the Pope's godhead.' And Chaucer (KniglUes Tale, 1523) uaes the word as a syn. for 'deity' —
* If so be tliat my youthe may deserve. And that my might be worthy for to serve Thy godhede. that I may been oon of th.vne, Than preye I thee to rewe upon my pyne.'
J. Hastings.
GODLESS This word is found but once in AV,
2 Mac 7" ' O godless man ' ; (ir. li ivlxtte ; IIV ' O unholy man,' as EV translate the same adj. in 1 Ti 1°, 2 li .^2, its only occurrences in NT.
But RV has given ' godless ' as the tr"" of rjij h/in'iih, in preference to AV 'hypocrite' in .Job ijia 1316 1534 178 2u» 27» 34*' 30", Pr 11», Is 33''; and the same translation might have been given in the three remaining passages : Is 9" (AV ' livpo- crite'); lO", Ps 35'« (AV 'hypocritical'), wliere, however, RV gives 'prof.ine.^ For there is no doubt that ' hypocrite,' though it is the tr" of all the versions since Wyclif, misses the meaning. The verb is used in tlie (jal in the sense of ' l)e polluted,' whether of land (Is 24», Jer 3', Ps lfNj*i .so tr-" in EV, except Is 24» AV 'delile,' but Mic 4" of Zion, EV 'delile') or of persons (.ler 23", EV 'be profane'); and in the Hipliil 'to pollute' of land (Nu S.j" "• AV ' pollute '—' delile,' Jer 3* AV ' pollute,' 3" AV ' defile,' RV always 'pollute '), and of persons (Dn 11" AV 'corrupt,' RV 'per- vert,' RVm ' make profane '). Hence the idea of the adj. is separated from God so as to be openly hostile ; not 'hypocritical,' but ' profane,' ' godle.s,s.' There are two substantives, each of wliich ocoum once, Ijn Is 3'2* (AV ' hypocrisy,' RV ' prof anene.'^s ' )„ and np:n Jer 23" (AV ' profaneno&s,' AVm ' hypii- crisy,' RV ' profaneness ). J. Hastings.
GODLINESS is in NT the ennivalent of the Gr. term (iWrff.a(lTi '"3" 4'-' C-'-*- >', 2Ti3', Tit 1', also Ac 3'^ [KV], 2 P l»-'>-' 3"), except in one jas- sage (1 Ti2'"), where Otoal^tio. is used. ' It properly denotes,' says Ellicott, 'only " well - directeil reverences" (Trench, Si/non. § 4S), hut iu the NT is practically the same as Btoai/itia, and is ^\l'll delineil by rittmann {S;/non. i. p. 14<il as " vin liielabis in ipsA vitA vel extern* vel intirnA"lcf
222
GODLY
GOEL
Eusebins, Prwp. Evang. i. p. 3). Thus, then, iiai- fifio conveys the idea, not of an "inward, inherent holiness," but, as Alford (on Ac 3'-') correctly observes, of an "operative cultive piety"' (Pastoral Epistles, p. 27). The substantive is used by St. Paul only in the Pastoral Epistles ; and Plleiderer (Paul ill ism. En;;, tr. ii. 210) nuiiiitains that in these writings, the Pauline authorship of which he denies, ew^/jeia takes the place of the Pauline 7r;<rTis as 'the fundamental idea of the Christian holy life.' Weiss, however, denies this, and holds that 'as £i)o-^;3eia occurs along with x/o-tis (1 Ti G"), it is clear that it must rather bo the basis of life from which tnie faith springs' (Bib. J'/ieol. of NT, Kng. tr. ii. 12'J). St. Paul's use of the terra ' un- godly' (dcTf/S^s), in Ko 4' 5°, as descriptive of all mankind apart from Christ, wouhl suggest that the more distinctively Christian sense of the term ' godly ' is to be preferred in St. Paul's letters, as equivalent, not to reverence for God generally, but to the Christian feeling towards God as the batlier of our Lord Jesus Christ. On the other hand, in Ac 10"' the adjective eua-e/S^s, translated 'devout,' is used to describe a man who, though a worshipper of God, was not even a Jewish proselyte. In the Sept. eiKT^jieia is used in some passages {Pr 1', Is 1I-) as the equivalent of the phrase 'the fear of the Lord,' but in others eeo<rij3eicL {Gn 20", Job 28^). Thoughout the OT man's duty towards God is defined as fearintf God (Schultz, OT Theol. Eng. tr. ii. p. 55) ; and in the ' Wi.sdom' literatD.e the fear of the Lord (njx riK-v.) is assumed as the runda- mental principle of piety and morality (Job 28-*, Ps 111'", Pr 1' 8'3, Ec 12'^. See Oehler's OT Theol. Eng. tr. ii. p. 440). For the use of the adjective or adverb 'godly' in 2 Ti 3'=, Tit 2i-, 2P 2-' see the following article. Elsewhere in St. Paul's letters the same word is used in AV to render either the genitive 6eov (2 Co l'- IP, 1 Ti 1^) or the phrase Kara debv (2 Co 7^- '»• ") ; while in 3 Jn » 'godly sort' = d|/MS toD 6(ov, a use of the adjective which the meaning of the substantive does not warrant ; and it is to be regretted that the RV retains tliis rendering in some passages. It must be added that in some OT passages (Ps 4-' 12' 32'') the adjective 'godly' is used to render the Hel). word Tcn, whicli not only describes God's relation to man, but also describes the mutual rela- tions of men (see Cheyne, Hosea, 62n.) ; and the use of this word shows that the OT phrase ' the fear of the Lord ' does not mean any slavish dread of God, but a reverence which does not exclude love. The NT godliness also means a reverence that includes all the emotions which the revelation of God in Christ inspires. A. E. Garvie.