• On the composite character of this chapter see the Com- mentaries of Dillmann and Oettli : and for the difficulties in ^larmonizing the different provisions with regard to the Cities or BxFuas see that article.
/eltahin see Baldensperger's notes in PBFSt, 1807, p. 128 fl On blood. revenge among the Hebrews see the articles ' Bluk rache ' in Kiehm, llBA'i, and in PHt!^ (in 3rd edition now being issued the subject is to be treatea under '(Sericht'); liissell, 77W Law of Ani/tujn in Israfl, ISS-l. and the .articles on iML'RiiKR and Kkfuok (Cities op) in this Dictionary, along with the modern commentariea oo the relative passages.
A. R. S. Kennedy.
GOG (J'13). — 1. The eponymous head of a Reubenita family, 1 Ch 5^. 2. See following article.
GOG (J'13, rot'o-).— The 'prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal,' from 'the land of Magog,' and repre- sentative of the northern hordes who were to invade W. Asia in the day ' when Israel dwelleth securely ' (Ezk 38. 39, cf. Rev 20"). George Smith pro- posed to see in him Gagi, the ruler of the land of Sakhi, who is mentioned in the annals of the Assyr. king Assurbanipal. But the situation of Sakhi is unknown, and the Heb. name corres]>onds with that of the Lydian king who is called Gj'ges by the Greeks, and Gugu in the cuneiform in- scriptions. Gyges was the first king of W. Asia Minor who became known to the Assyrians, and consequently his name may perhaps have become a title applied by them to the subsequent kings of that part of the world. The Cimmerians (Gonier) are included in tlie army of Gog ; and as the invasion of Asia Minor by them brought about a great displacement of population, one result bein" the retreat of the Moschi and Tibareni (Mcshei-h and Tubal) from Cappadocia to the shores of the Black Sea, it is possible that the irruption of the northern barbarians into Syria was connected with that event. (See Magoo, and cf. Schrader, KA7'', and the Comm. of Davidson and Bertholet, ad loc. ).
A. H. Savce.
GOIIM (d:'u) is the Heb. word which in EV is variously rendered ' Gentiles,' ' nations,' ' heathen ' (see Preface to RV of OT). In the ob.scure ex- pression in Gn 14', where AVhas 'king of nations,' ilV retains Goiim (possibly a corruption iromditti) as a proper name, although RVm offers the alter- native rendering 'nations.' The same ditlerence in rendering between AV and RV is found also in Jos 12^. See, further, GENTILES, and next article.
GOIIM (DiJ), ' Nations,' the name of the kingdom of Tidal (Gn 14'). The name of Tidal has been found by Pinches in a mutilated cuneiform tablet, where it is written Tudghula ; and as in another broken tablet of the same series it is said that Kudur-Laghamar or Chedorlaomer, ' the king of Elam,' had 'collected the Umman Manda' or ' barbarian nations ' in order to attack Babylon, it seems probable that it was of these Umman Manda that Tudghula was king. They represented the Kurdish tribes on the northern frontier of Elam. (See the paper of Mr. Pinches on Certain Inscriptions and liecords referring to B'thi/ldnin and Elam, in the transactions of the Victoria Institute, xxix. 45-81). A. H. Sayce.
GOLAN (i^'iJ). — This appears to have been always a prominent place, and many historical facts about it are known, still its site has never been recovered. It was in Bashan, and belonged to the territory of Manasseh (Dt 4", cf. Driver, ad loc). It was a Levitical city and likewise a city of refuge (Jos 20' 21-''). About the beginning of our era it is men- tioned in connexion with certain battles or sieges, and at that time, if not earlier, it had given its name to a district of such size that the teiTitory was divided into Upper and Lower Gaulanitis, which together formed the E. boundary of Galilee (Jos. Wars, I. iv. 4, 8 ; III. iii. 1, 5 ; IV. i. 1 ; Schurer, H./P I. i. 304 n). The terms ' Upper ' and ' Lower ' no doubt divided the region from N. to S. ; still the upper regioa is not distinguisheu ug
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higlilands, as might be supijosed ; for the entire country, while rolling, maiiituiiia a pretty unil'orm level.
One division of tlie region E. of the Sea of Galilee is known at present as Jaulin (see Schu- macher, Survei/ of the Jauldn, 188S), and this name represents the Gaulanitis of NT times and the (iohm of Heb. history. With these indications it mi"ht be supposed that the task of recovering the place itselt would be an ea.sy one ; but this is a oa.se where modem research does not allord us much help. Nor does any light come from the meaning of the word, something iurroiou/ef/, hence a district. Possibly, tlie political disturbances which visited that country from time to time, and the introduction of other settlers in place of the Jewish inhabitants, have obliterated all traces of the exact locality.
We have an indication in the Talm. [Mahkuth, 9i), to which prob. some weight should be given, tliat Golan was due E. of Kedesh-naphtali, or rather that the cities of refuge were situated iu pairs over- against each other, E. and W. of the Jordan. As this indication is true in the case of Shechem and liamoth-gilead, there is no reason why it should not be true also in the other two cases.