LiTEKATUKE. — AmoTi)? Bources of Bugpestion and material for an e.\llibition of the bihlicil doctrine of i^race, special mention Bhould be made, in re^'ard to tlie word r«p*f, of Cremcr's Jl>li. Thpol. Lex. of XT-, and Orimni'8 Gn-ek-EivjlM Lex. of NT, J. H. Thayer's edition ; and in repard to tiie classification of pasNapcs, of C. Bois's article 'Grace Divine' in Lichtenberper'8 Enfi/ffnjii^/ilp lies Sciences lietitiifuseg ; see also the liibticat Thfolit'nee of Oehler, Schnltz, Wei^s, Schmid, and the HUiorical rA.v>;<yi/ (Index, «.p.) of Cunningham. A. STEWART.
GRACIOUS.— This adj. is found with three dis- tinct meanings. 1. FnvoitraUe, iwirrifid , the .nost frecjuent use of the word, as Ex 33" ' And [I] will be gracious to \vhom I will be gracious, and will ihow mercy on whom I will show mercy' ("nbni [nx n::',>rn5., J/XX KoX Aojerw bv hv e\eui, quoted in Ro 9''). 2. Favoured, accepted (for the word 'gracious' has the distinction of being used actively of the person bestowing, ami passively of the person receiving favour). There are two examples in AV, 1 Es S*" ' Yea, when we were in bondage, we were not forsaken of our Lord ; but iie made ns gracious before ({Trol-qtrcv rinas iv X'i/"''' ii'iii-inov) the kings of Persia, so tliat they gave us food'; Sir 18" ' Lo, is not a word better than a gift? But both are with a gracious man ' ; Gr. irapi. avSpl Kexap'TUfiffV, Vulg. 'cum homine iustificato,' whence Wye. and Dou. 'witli a iustelied man'; Cov. ' but a gracious man geveth them both,' so Gen. and Rishops. The same form (perf. ptcp. pass, of xopiTiw ' to be.stow favour on,' ' bless ') is round in Lk l** Xalpe, itfxa/Jiru^f i/i; ; EV ' Hail, thou that art highly favoured,' AVm ' graciously accepted ' or ' mucn graced ' ; the previous VSS follow the Vulg. {'Ave gratia! plena') ' Hail full of grace,' except Gen. ' Hayle tlioii that art freely iicloved.' and Bish. 'in high favour.' Shaks. has this meaning of 'gracious' in As You Like It, I. ii. '200 — ' If I be foiled, there is but one shamed that was never gracious'; and /// Henry VI. III. iii. 117—
' But is he gracious in the people's eye?'
3. Attractii'c, juinnitiff. — There are four exam- iiles : (1) Pr 11'° 'a gracious woman retaiiietli lionour ' ([n nrx), lit. 'a woman of grace ' ; L.\X vuri; (i')Xa/'i<rTot ; V'ulg. 'mulier gratiosa' : 'a gracious woman' is Wyclif's tr", and all the versions agree with him. Tlie meaning is 'a woman of grace of appearance.' {2) Kc Hi'" 'The words of a wise man's mouth are gracious ' (p, lit. 'are grace,' as AVm ; cf. Lk 4-- below). (3) Jer '2'J-^ ' how gracious shalt thou lie when pangs come upon
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thee.' The Mas.s. text gives pjorn? (Kethtbh •nj.-ij), which can only be Niph. of Jjn to be gracious. Luther understood it in the sense of ' be beautiful,' 'winning,' and tr'' ' wie schon wirst du seheu ' , after whom the Gen. gave ' how beautiful shalt thou be,' and AV 'how gracious shalt thou be.' The [lassive meaning ' favoured ' or 'pitied ' gives a better sense, however, and hence RV ' How greatly to be pitied shalt thou be,' and the Bishops, ' O liowe litle shalt thou be regarded.' But the ver.sions imply another reading, .TirjNj from [n;K], found only in Mph. 'to groan.' Thus LXX KaTaarevdieis ; Vulg. 'quomodo congemuisti.' This meaning is clearly most suitable, and is adopted by nearly aK mod. editors. Wye. follows Vulg. ' Hon togidere weiledist thou,' and so Dou. 'how hast thou mourned together.' Similarly, Cov. ' O how greate shall thy mourning be.' Rothstein (in Kautzsch) ' wie wirst du iichzen.' (4) Lk 4^ 'And all bare him witness and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth ' (^ttI tois Xcr/oit rijs x''/"^"". liV 'words of grace'). The mean- ing here, says Plummer, is ' winning words.' He aiids, ' "The very first meaning of x'^P's ixilpio) is "comeliness," " winsomeness"' — Horn. Od. viii. 17.5 ; Ec 10'^ Ps 44', Sir 21'« 37", Col 4"— 'and in all these passages it is the winsomeness of /an(/ua(jR that is S{)ecially signified.' Vulg. trans- lates ' mirabantur in verbis grati.-e,' whence Wye. ' wondriden in the wordis of grace,' and Rhem. 'they marveled in the wordes of grace.' All the rest of the versions, beginning with Tindale, have 'wondered at the gracious words'; and it is doubtful if RV should have returned to 'words of grace'; to have changed the adj. to 'winning' would have prevented misunderstanding and been more in accordance with the Eng. idiom. In illustration of this use of the word we find Macon, Essiii/s {'OiHetinty,' p. 176), 'In Beauty, that of I'"avour is more then that of Colour, ami tli.at of I)('cent and (Orations Motion, more then that of Favour." So Shaks. Ttvelfih Nif/hl, I. v. 281— 'And in dimension and the shape of nature A gracious person ; but yet 1 cannot love him.'
And Chapman, Homer's Iliads, xviii. 23 —
' Himself he threw upon the shore, Lay, as laid out for funeral, then tumbled round, and tor« His gracious curls.*
J. Ha.stings. GRAFF. — From ypd<f>eif, to write, was formed ypa<p€?oi>, a style or pencil for writing with : this was adopted into Lat. grrtphium ; and ]iasscd into old Kr. fjrdffe, which gave Eng. ' grail',' a slip of a cultivated tree inserted into a wild one, so named because it resembled a pencil in shajie. From this substantive was formed the verb ' to gratl',' which then yielded another substantive 'graft' (like ' weight ' from ' wei"h ') ; and by and by this subst. 'graft' attracted the verb to its own form. .So that, whereas both subst. and vb. were once 'grail',' now both are 'graft.' The change from ' grail' to ' graft ' was in process in Shakespeare's da}'. As subst. he uses only ' grail",' Pericles, V. i. CO—