vou It.— 36
Bj- some theologians holiness and love are identi- fied. More commonly they are sharply distin- guished— holiness being regarded as the .self-pre- servative or retributive attribute of God, and love as His beneficent, self-imparting attribute. To discuss this subject here would carry us too far. It seems clear, at least, from our investigation, that holiness and love represent do.-ely kindred conceptions, and that there is an inner harmonv between them. They are the two words whicli best express God's moral perfection, and the diller- ence between them seems rather formal than real. At any rate, in their application to men, tbuv seem to express, better than any other words, the highest aims of human life and the most coiiijire hensive obligation of God's perfect law. .See, further, the preceding art., and art. HoLY SPIRIT.
LrrBRATTJRE. — studies of the words in Cremer'a Bib. Thfol. L^z. and Trench ST Syn. ; art. 'Hciligkeit' in Schenkel's Bib. Lfr. and in iIerzoj;'8 HE; Issel, Der Be;iriff d. lleiligkeit im ST; Sandiiy-Ueadlam, A(muz/u on 13-'' and the literature thero
cit«d. G. B. Stevens.
HOLM TREE.— The name of this tree occurs in Is 41'* KV as the equivalent of nr;?. The hulm is prob. not the tree there intended (see CvpI!F..ss).
It occurs also in Sus v.**. Two evergreen oaks, both growin" in Pal. and Syria, Querctis Ilex, L., and Q. cocci/era, L., are prob. included under the LXX irpifos, which is the orig. for holm tree. The former is a low tree, growing along the c<i,ast and the foot hills of the maritime ranges. Tie latter is one of the stateliest trees of the East. Its coiiius is often quite spherical, and sometimes 40 to 5U ft. in diameter. 'The trunk not infrequentlj' attains a diameter of 6 ft. The leaf of both species is smaller than that of the hully, but re-sembles it in the fact that it is evergreen, of a rich glossy green, and usually with spiny teeth, though some of the varieties have nearly entire leaves. It is from the
TUB IIOI-M OAK, (jrBRCfH COOCir
A, L.
resemblance of its leaf to the hully (Old English hiillcn) that it obtained its name of holm. For the play on the words irpii'os and vpitrai see SUSANNA.
'flie holm oak is the tree, pur ercelletire, anmnd which are gioupod the supirslitionsof the Orientals. One or more grand siiccimens are sure to be planted over the ikIijs or tombs of the .Moslem sainta. Abraham's Oak is of this species. The dense mails of dark foliage gives to these fine old trees an aspect of solidity j)os-se-ssetl by no others in the East. The Druses and other sects often hang bits of rag on their lower branches a.-< a votive oMering. .-V tree 50 decoratvd is called ummcsh shera(i(, i.e. motlirr of rags. Such trees have prob-
402
HOLOFEUNES
HOLY SPIRIT
aMy existed from time immemorial on the 'high pluces.' See Oak. G. E. Post.
HOLOFERNES ('0\o<p{pi'vt).—ThQ arch-enemy of the Jews, ajssassinateil before Bethulia (i.e. Jeru- salem) by Judith, who thus saved her nation. In Jth 2^ H. is called 'the chief captain of the army of Xebuclmduezzar.' In the Midra-sh he is called ' kiny of Javan," and takes tlie place of Nebuchad- nezzar. It is obvious that no one in the days of the historical Nebuch. could have borne the name and played the part of H. as described in Judith. There was an Oropherneskin','of the Cappadocians in D.C. 158 if., who was a friend of Demetrius Soter, and supported the latter in his unjustifiable claims as against Ariarathes v., king of the Cappadocians (Polyb. iii. 5. 2, ed. Schweighauser). Hence the Jews might know about Orophernes as tlie friend of their great enemy, and mi^'ht repre- sent him as he is represented in Judith. This would make the date of the book about B.C. LW. See Hicks, Journ. Hellen. Studies, vi. 1885, pp. 261-274. The form 'Opo0fpn)s is found on coins discovered at Pirene, and in two inscriptions found on amphora-handles (Kniilos); see Dumont, Inscrip- tions eframiques, Paris, 1872, p. 329, No. 9, and p. 388, No. 7. The same form is given by late classical authors, e.g. Polyb. xxxii. 20. 4, xxxiii. 12. S 2, 3, 9 ; Aelian, Var. Hist. ii. 41, ed. Hercher ; Uiod. Sic. xxxi. cc. 32 and 34 ; fluctuating with '0\o- and 'OXo-, e.g. Appi.an, Bell. Syr. p. 118, ed. Stenhan. 1592; Diod. Sic. xxxi. 19. § 2, 7, ed. Miiller. If 'OXo<tiipvr]^ is the original form, d\o- will be Greek = ' destroying ' (of. iXofpy))!), and ■ipepi'rj!, Persian = ' brilliance, majesty,' cf. Pheren- dates, Pharnacos, Artaphernes ; the root /r« = 'shine.' The form 'Opoj>. will then represent the Persian pronunciation of the Greek 'OXoi^. The aspirated 'OXo0is due to confusion with compounds in 6\o-. The Vulg. form Holofernes is aspirated as in Hiob, Hesther, Hicrusalem, etc.
Dante introduces Holofernes in Purgatorio xii. 59 as one of the instances of defeated pride in the Circle of the Proud. The following famous repre- sentations of Judith and Holofoinea in art may be quoted : Botticelli, in the Uilizi, Florence (see Kuskin, Morninqs in Florence, ch. 3) ; M ichael Angelo, in the Sistine Chapel ; Cristoforo Allori, in the Pitti ; Paris Bordone ; Guido, in the Spada Gallery, Kome ; DonatelJo, statue in the Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence.