LiTKiLATURB. — Scholz, D(W Biuh Judith, Wiirzburff, 189C.
G. A. CooKE.
HOLON d'lSh).— 1. A city of Judah in the Hebron hills, given to the Levites, Jos 15" 21". In the parallel passage 1 Ch 6" [lleb."] it is called Hilen. It is noticed with Debir, and jirobably lay W. or S.W. of Hebron. The ruin Beit Aula, in the lower hills west of Hebron, would be a suitable site. See SWP vol. iii. sh. xxi. 2. A city of Moab near Heshbon, Jer 48". Its site has not Deen recovered. C. R. CONDER.
HOLYDAY.— ' That kept holyday ' is the tr" in Ps 42' of JJ'in, ptcp. of iii} ' to make a pilgrimage,' UV ' keeping holyday.' ' Holyday ' also occurs in Col 2"« as the tr" of iopni, feast, RV 'feast day.' See Feasts.
In both places AV ot 1611 has two words, 'holy day' in Pb 42*. ' Holy day ' in Col 2" ; and it would be well, owinu to the mod. associations ot the word ' holiday," to keep that lonu still.
HOLY OF HOLIES,HOLY PLACE — SeeTEMPLK.
HOLY ONE.— See God, vol. iL p. 204\ and Holiness, vol. ii. p. 398*.
* See Jer 46l> 60" njV? 2-in, LXX itix"/" 'EUnnn. BchoU.
HOLY SPIRIT. — In Christian theology the Holy Spirit is the third Person or eternal distinc- tion within the Unity of God. The following article is an attempt to trace in the progressive revelation vouchsafed to Israel and to the Church the steps which have led to this conception. Our sources are the Old and New Testaments, and the intennediate Jewish writings which illustrate the ellectof the OT revelation upon the Jewish people, and prepare us to understand the fuller leacliing of the Gospel of Christ.
A. Old Testament.
L Use of the terms ' Spirit," ' Spirit of God,' ' Holy Splcit' U. Work of the Spirit of God in — (a) Creation. lb) Int^-llectual life, (c) Prophetic inspiration. id) Anointing the Messiah. le) Moral ana reIiF:inus life of men. !IL Relation of the Holy Spirit to the Life of Ood. Iv. Signs of progress in the teaching of the OT.
B. Apocrypha and other pre-Christian Jewish WTilings.
i. Palestinian thought. U. Alexandrian thought.
C. New Testament.
L Names and titles of the Holy Spirit U. Historical events revealing the relation of the Spirit to Christ and to the Church. (a) Revival of prophecy at the time of the Incarna- tion, (6) Work of the Spirit In reference to the Incarnate life—
(c) Conception. (£} Haplism. {■/) Ministry. (c) Work of the Spirit in reference to the life of Mle fliurch—
(ai) Gift to the Apostles. (>£) KtTusion on the Church. (>-) KesiiUs, temporary and permanent. lU. Direct teacliiiig on the Person aiid Work of the Spirit, (a) Teaching of Cliriht —
tit) In the Synoptic narrative, (pj In the Fourth Go8j>el. (>) In the form of baptism. (6) Teaching of the Apostles and first Disclplea — ^<x) In the Acts and Catholic Epistles. (S) In the Paulino Epistles. (>•) In the Apocalj'pse. Summary. Literature.
A. The Old Testament. — i. The word mi, in LXX irvev/w., but also Smmos (about 50 times), Ovij.6i (5 times), tt^ot) (4 times), ^ux") (twice), etc., belongs to a root mi ^avit, spiravit, used only in the Hijih. (n-1.7 olferit, e.g. Gn 8"'). In OT nn signiHcs (1) the breatli of the atmosphere, wind : Gn 3" (-n^ □vn=LXX rd bei.\i.viiv, Aq. iv n^ avl^it^ t^s i^fiipa^, Symm. Si4 iri-ti/^aros V-). Nu IP', Job 4'° 41'", Jer oil 146 . (2) the breath of man. Since the human breath is at once an indication of animal life, and a vehicle of thought and passion, the word is also used to represent (3) the principle of vitality, in the phrase D"n '1 (Gn 6" 7"- -), or absolutel3', as in Gn 4.5-'', 1 K W, Job \2"> 34", Ps 104», Ec 3" 12' ; (4) the life of passion (Gn 41», Nu 5", 2 S 21», Pr 25^), or of thought and will (Dt 34», Job 15^ 32', Jer 51") ; (5) the spiritual element in human nature (Nu 27", Ps31», Ec 12') ; lastly, from the sphere of liuman nature the word (6) passes into that of the divine. In anthropomorphic descriptions of the life of God it retains its primary sense ; God's di.splea- sure is the i2x i (Ex 15', Job 4', Ps 18'°), His power in operation is the vg'i (Ps 33», Is 11* ; cf. 2 Th 2"). But the writers of the OT conceive also of a Spirit in God which bears some analogy to the higher life of man ; the ' Spirit of Elobim 'or 'of J"' (O'.i'Sk 1, .iin- -1, LXX Trfvfia 8fov, irv. Kvpiov) is repeatedly mentioned in every part of the OT. In a few cases, it is true, this phrase may be inter- preted of the wind which God sends on the earth (Ex 15'», 1 K 18'-, 2 K 2'8, Is 40' 59'», Hos 13"). m- of the human breath or spirit as deriving its orij.'iii from God (Job 27' ; cf. Gn 2'). But these are 1 x ceptions ; in the great majority of passages the
HOLY SPIRIT
HOLY SPIRIT
403
'Spirit of God' is the vital energy of tlio divine nature, corresponding to tlio liiglier vitality of man.* Tliis energy is usually presented in one of its relations to man or to the world, e.;j. as a creative or vitalizing force (Gn 1', Job 2(i", Is 3:2"), or as propagating or sustaining created life (Job 34=*, of. 10'^ Ps 104™) ; as the source of reason and intellect in man (Job 32"), and in particular of special gifts and endowments (Gn 41**, Kx 2S^ 3H-' 35''), such as the artistic skill of liezalol (Kx 30"-), the military tact of Joshua (Ut 34"), the hcroisni of the Judges (Jg 13'-" 14" etc.), the wisdom of Solomon (1 K S^) ; as the well-spring of insjura- tion in the Hebrew lawgivers, poets, and prophets (Nu U"-"'-^, 2S23-, 1 K22--', Ezk 11», l)n4»»5"), and of moral jiuritv and strength and j)enitence (Noh 9=», 1*8 51", Is G3""-, Ezk 3(i-'"-, Zee 12'"). E.specially is the energy of the Divine Spirit con- nected with the mission and work of the Messiah (Is U"- 61"'), on whom, as the prophets foresaw, it was to rest in the fulness of strength and goodness.t