LiTRRATiTiB. — The folloftinff works, amonfrBt othere, may be con»viltc<l on the iliblical Theolopj' of the Holy Spirit.
rATKisTio AND MEDIEVAL. — TcrtuUian, adv. J'rax, ; Origen, de principiui, i. 3 ; Alhana-.iu8, Epp. ad ^trap, ; Cyril of Jeni8alcm, Catfeh. xvi. xvii. ; Didymus, de Sp. ^anet. ; Ruiil, de Up. Sanct. (cd. Johnston) ; Cirogory of Nozianzus, Oral, Throl. v. ; Amhroflc, d« i>p. Sand. ; Augustine, df Trin. iv. v. xv., in Joann. tr. xxix. ; John of Damascus. (f« yiJe orth. \. ; Anselm, ti« procfit. Sp. Sanct. ; Thomiu At^uinas, Summa, p. i. q. 36-38.
MoDKRN. — I'utAviuH, df Triix. li. iii. vil, ; Pearson, Uii., A'27). of the Crffd, aril. iii. vil. ; Owen, J., Pnrumuti'l'xjia ; llcbi-r. lip., Prritotnility and Offwet qf the Cotr\/orter ; Hare, J. C, Mieeion qf the i^wnjorter ; KahniK, C. F. A., Lehre com h. (iriete, Ikl. i. ; (laume, Traill du S. Kxprit; Moberly, tip., Adminijitratioii oj the lliily Spirit in the lifniy of Chriet ; Hutohingn, W. H., Perton ami Work 0/ the Hot;/ Ghaut; Webh, Up., J'ereon and (t<riee of the Uol\ Sjririt ; Iluchannii, J., OiHoe and Work of the Holy Siririt ; Sineaton, (J., Voctrine q/ the Holy Spirit ; lleniion, An:hl'p., The Seven Giftt ; Wirgman, A., The Serenfotd Giftt; Koelling, W., Pneumatologie ; CuidliHh, J. S.. Work of the Iloly Spirit. H. B. SWETE.
HOMAM See Hkmam.
HOMER — See Weights and Measures.
HOMICIDE.— See Crimes and Punishments vol. i. p. 521''.
HONEST. HONESTY.— These words have greatly deteriorated in the three centuries that lie be- tween us and tlie issue of AV. What they mean now we know ; then they meant something nearly approaching the meaning of the Latin words from which they come. Honestus (from honos, ' lionour') had two meanings in Latin: (1) 'Regarded with honour,' 'honourable'; (2) 'Bringing honour,' 'becoming,' — and those are Just the meanings of 'honest' as it is used in AV. The word had at the time a special, one might almost say technical, meaning when used of women : it meant ' chaste.' Thus in his chapter in The Profane State (v. 1. p. 359) on 'The Harlot,' T. Fuller speaks of her crisping and curling and the like, and then adds, ' I must confesse some honest women may go thus, but no whit the honester for going thus.' And this is of course his meanin" in 'Tfie JIuly Warre (ii. 46, p. 106), ' Thus Jerusalem, after it had four- score and eight yeares been enjoyed by the Chris- tians, by Gods just judgement was taken again by the Turks. What else could be expected? Sinne reigned in every corner ; there was scarce one honest woman in the whole citie of Jerusalem.' And this meaning occurs once in AV, 2 Es 16*' ' Like as a whore envieth a right honest and virtuous woman,' though the adj. so tr'' is so general a one as idoneus, ' proper." With that exception 'honest' means either (I) honourable, or (2) becoming.
Neither adj., adv., nor subst. occurs in OT, a fact not without significance in comparing the OT ethics with that of Apocr. and NT. 'fhe commonest word tr'' 'honest 'is KaX6s, which means 'seemly' or 'becoming,' but with an ethical content en- abling it to describe such character or conduct as deserves respect or esteem. So To 5" 7', Wis 4", 2 .Mac 6=3, Lk 8", Ko 12", 2 Co 8=» 13', I P 2". KV retains ' honest' in Too" 7', Lk 8" ; gives ' honour- able ' in Wis 4", Ro 12", 2 Co 8=' 13' ; ' his excel- lent education ' for ' his most honest education ' in 2 Mac 6^ ; and ' seemly behaviour ' for ' honest conversation ' {di>a(Trpo<tiri a-oXi)) in 1 P 2". In Sir 29''' the adj. evirx-fitiw, 'decorous,' is tr'' 'honest' (omitted in RV) ; and in '29'* iyaOit, 'good' (as KV) ; while, lastly, in Ph 4» the word is atixvis, for which we scarcely have an equivalent adj. (KV 'honourable,' RVm 'reverend').*
These two meanings of 'honest' may be illus- trated thus: (1) Ilonuurable, Ac 17'= \Vyc. 'And sotheli manye of hem bilevyden, and of hethen wynimen honeste (some JlSS ' honest heithen wymmen'), and men not fewe'; Ru 1^ Cov. ' There was a kinsman also of the kynrcd of Eli Melech Naemis huszbande, whose name was Boos, which was an honest man'; North, Plutarch, p. 894, ' Now as the Khodians were desirous to be ridde of this warre, and that Demetrius also was willing to take an honest occajiion to do it, the Ambassiidours of the Athenians came happily to serve both their desires.' T. Fuller (Z/o/v Warre, V. 7, p. 239) speaks of ' terms honest and hoiioiir- alile'; and Rutherford {Letters, No. 5ti) says, ' There is no quarrel more honest or lionouraule
• The iMMt rendering, gays Vincent (/nf.i-n. Crit. Com.), \a 'vcneraMe' (aa A\'ni). if divestwl of it« conventional liuplica- tiori of age. And he notict*«i that Matthew Arnold (r/o.! and the liible, p. xxll) BUggest* 'nobly aerious.' aM opp-is-^l to »*r,-«f, 'lacking intelUH-tilal aeriouttnei*.* *Hone«t'lii Tiiidale's word, whom all the VSS follow; Wye. bu 'cliaate,' Kllicott chooMt 'neemlv.' S«« alio J. A. Clappertoo to Prtocher't Monjaiin^ vlil. 4i7.
412
HONEY
HOPE
tlmn to fulViT for truth.' (2) Becoming: Tiiul.ile, Poll., I'rologe, * And beliolde how rightuous, howe lionest and howe due a tliinge it is by nature that every man love liis brother unfaynedlj" even as hira selfe, for his fathers sake.' So Is 52' Cov. ' Put on thine honest raynient o leru.saleni, thou citie of the holy one'; and Golding, Call-in's Jvb, p. 571 (on 32""--), 'There is a certJiine honest conielinesse to be kept.'