The discoveries at Pompeii prove that gloss was used for windows under the early emperors, as class windows have been found in several of the nou.'ies ; gliu*s may therefore have been in use in Palestine in the houses of the wealthy at nn rai liir date. Pliny (r. 70 A.D., US xxxvi. 45) states that windows were made of mu<i, from countries nun Palestine, viz. Cyjirus and Cappadocia.
The references in the Bible to windnws to look out from are almost all in connexion with palac«t
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HOW
HUMILITY
•Abimelech kint; of tlio Philistines looked out at a window' ((in 20"). The inollier of Sisera looked forth through a window (Jg 5^). ' Michal the daufjliter of Saul looked out at the window ' (2 S 6"). ' Jezebel looked out at the window ' (2 K iP). In the following cases, however, there are windows in houses of the less opulent classes — Rahab the harlot let the spies down throut;h a window on the town wall of Jericho (Jos 2'°) ; Elisha when sick in his own house directed king Joash to ' open the window ejistward ' (2 K 13") ; St. Paul at Damascus was let down by the wall in a basket throu(;h a window (2 Co 11^) ; Eutyclius, asleep on the w Indow-seat of an upper chamber at Troas, fell down from the third storey, diro toD Tptrr^yov (Ac 20"). Windows are spoken of (Jer 22'*) in connexion with a wide liouse and spacious chambers, ceiled with cedar and painted with vermilion. It is threatened (Jl 2») that locusts shall enter in at the windows like a thief. The pelican and the porcupine singing in the windows IS a sign of desolation (Zeph 2'*).
LrrBRATPRB. — The Ilfb. Archceotogies of Kellj Benzinper, and Nowack : Edereheim, SkHchei of Jcicifh Soaat hije, fl.V96; Ennan, Lift in Ancient Egypt, 107-109 ; Tristram, Eii^tem Cuslomi in Bible Lands, 09-S8 ; Trumbull, Threshold Covenant
(Index). C. Warren.
HOW. — 1. How is sometimes used for ' that,' introducing a dependent sentence which states a fact, without reference to the manner of it. Thus 1 S 2^^ (UV ' how that'), 1 Ch 18" ' Now when Tou king of Hamath heard how David had smitten all the host of Hadarezer king of Zobah ' (RV ' that ') ; especially in NT (Or. Sri), Lk 1^21° ('And as some spake o{ the temple, how it was adorned with goodly stones and gifts'), Ju 4' 12'" 14'^, Ac H'-" (' they rehearsed all that God had done witli them, and how he had opened the door of faitli unto the Gentiles,' RV ' how that'), 20«, Gal 4", Philem '", Ja 2^ ('Seest thou how faith wrought with his works,' RV ' Thou seest that '), Rev 2^ Cf. Shaks. Tit. Andron. II. iii. 207—
* Now will I fetch the kin^ to find them here. That he thereby may pive a likely jjuess Uow these were they that made away his brother.'
2. StUl more frequently we find ' how that ' where mod. usage would use ' that ' alone. Ex 9* ' that thou mayest know how that the earth is the Loiin's ' (•?, RV ' that '), 10% Dt 1", Jos 9=^ Ku 1«, 1 S 24"'-", 2 S 18'», 1 K 5', 2 K 9=» etc., and esp. in NT (again for Sri). The older versions have this form yet oftener, as in Tindale, On 20" ' This kyndnesse shalt thou shewe unto me in all places wliere we come, that thou saye of me, how that I am thy brother ' ; Mt 6" ' that it appere not unto men howe that thou fastest ' ; Jn 9" ' But the Jewes dyd not beleue of the felowe, how that he was blyiide and receaved his syght.'
Howbeit ( = nevertheless, notwithstanding) is common. In writers of the period 'howbeit' sometimes stands for ' not^vithstanding that,' 'although,' as Melvill, Diary, p. 371, 'the King sattelit and dimitted us pleasandlie, with many attestationes that he knew nocht of the Papist Lords' hom-coming till they war in the countrey ; and whowbeit the esteates had licenced them to mak thair offers, they sould nocht be receaved till they tham selves war furthe of the countrey again.'
Howsoever is once found with its parts separated, 2S '24^ 'how many soever they be.' Cf. Knox, Hist. p. 30, ' how suspitious and infamous so ever they were.' Howsoever means either ' in wliatever way,' Zeph 3' ' howsoever I punished them ' ; or ' come what may ' (rather more than ' nevertheless ') Jg ig™, 2 S 18-2- 2«. J. Hastings.
HOZAI {'I'm) ia given as a prop, name in RV of
2 Ch 33", where AV and RVm give 'the seers.' AVm haa Hosai, LXX r^v dpun'Twv. The bitter may have read cpnn, which appears to be svipported also by the Syriac. If we retain the MT, the tr. of RV seems the only defensible one ; but perhaps the original reading was I'j'in 'his seers' (so Kittel in Haupt, ad luc. ). J. A. Seluik.
HUCKSTER. — Huckster is properly the fem. of ' hawker,' but the distinction between the Anglo-Sax. fem. termination -ster and the niaso. term, -er was early obliterated. The root of the word is held by Skeat to be Du. hueki-n, to stoop (under a load). The huckster has always been distinguished from the mercliant as a retailer of small wares, a pedlar ; and the word has from very early times carried a certain opprobrium. Thus Sir T. Moore, Wor/ci-s, p. 1304, 'To shewe him sclfe a substanciall merchaunt and not an hukster, he gently let them have it even at their owne price ' ; and Glanvill, Vanity of Dogmatizing, Pref., 'Therefore I seek no applause from the disgrace of others, nor will I luickster-like dis- credit any man's ware, to recommend mine own.' The word" occurs in Sir 2U^ (and in the heading to the chapter) ' A merchant shall hardly keep him- self from doing wrong ; and an huckster shall not be freed from sin ' (KdirT/Xot, which occurs elsewhere in LXX only Is 1--, and not at all in NT, though the vb. KainiXcvuin found in 2 Co 2", EV ' corrupt,' RVm 'make mercbandi.se of). Here the KimtXas stands parallel to the IfiTopo!, and the charge of not beinjj without sin ap])lies equally to both. The sentiment is in accordance witli Rabbinic notions. See Edersheim's note. J. Hastings.