(1) Humility towards God is ba.sed on truth. It U the simple recognition of facts as they really are — see Ko 12*. No man can dare to boast before God (Ps 143', 1 Co 1-^), and whatever of merit or Bucceaa he has he owes to God's bounty (1 Co 4'). Hence walking humbly with God is put by Micah (6'') as a climax after doing justly and loving mercy. Priile comes from forgetting Goil and form- ing fal.se judgments on oneself or others from the worhl's standjioint, c.q. I)t8"'», Is lU'--'», Lk 17'° 18'""", 2 Co Kl'^. (2) ('rom man's dependence upon God follows the principle that there can l>u no true advance without reudiness to receive grace, i.e.
humility. God demands of man that he should humbly ask for help, that he should open his mouth wide that God may fill it. St. Paul attributes the .Jews' failure to their not subjecting themselves to this condition (Ro lO"). Abr.iham is an example of the humility whose prayer God hears (Gn 18-''-''''). (3) As sons who owe all to their Father, men are bound to obey, and humility is thus closely con- nected with obi.dience. The command to perform acts, even those which to the natural man seem foolish, is the test of the humility and faith which God will ble-ss : thus Naaman (2 K 5"). Similarly, circumcision is, in metaphor, connected with humil- ity (Lv 26-", Dt 10" 30"). (4) In 2 Ch 32^ 33" 34-' ri'/icntance and conversion are identified with humbling oneself. God sends chasti.seraenta to humble men and bring them to a better mind (Ps 119", La 3^ n;;', the same root as is commonly used for humlile); but man can refuse to learn the lesson (Ex 10^, 2 Ch Se''-"- »»). Fasting as a self- imposed chastisement is often connected with humility (1 K 21-"'- ■■=>, Ezr 8» etc.).
Humility as regards one's fellow-men fills a much smaller .si)ace, especially in OT, than humility to- wanls God. It was often inculcated by Christ (Mt IS'-* 20^-=*) ; and St. Paul connects it directly with love (1 Co 13'), while jealousy and envy, sins which have their root in pride, are reckoned amon;^ the manifest works of the flesh (Gal G-'"- "). So ill I'll 2^"° he condemns f.action and vainglory, and commends the ' lowliness of mind ' in which each counts ' other better than himself ; not looking each of you to his own things, but each of j-ou also to the things of others.' Such a 'mind' conforms to the pattern of the humility of the .Son of God, who emptied Himself and became incarnate.
We can only touch lightly on the humility of Christ, which was shown in His earthly life from beginning to end. He abhorred not tlie Virgin's womb, and the lowly circumstances of His birth have ever been the theme of Christian artists and poet.s. The humility of the thirty years' subjec- tion to His parents, and of the three years of un- cea-sin^: toil, privation, andopjiosition, was crowned when He enflured the cross, despising shame ( He 12-). AVe niivy notice specially His pr.iying (Lk 9" etc.). His admitting weariness, distress, and pain (Jn 4", Mk 14", Jn 19*'), and the solemn words and acts by which He inculcated humility (Mt 11^ and .In 13'^'"). At the .same time. He as.serted His authority (e.y. to forgive sins, to judge men, to found an undying Church) ; He proclaimed Him- self as the only way to God, etc. (Jn 14') ; He claimed that He alone knew the Father of right (Mt 11-''). And He felt and expressed burning indignation at bigotry, hypocrisy, and blind seir complacency. St. Paul followed His examiile, and in him too we see that humility is compatible with righteous indignation, and even with just and true self-assertion.
It is worth observing also that St. Peter, who was at first the tyiie of self-reliant l)oKlne.ss (.Mt Iga 2(j»-»)j ia afterwards particularly careful to dwell OQ the need of humility (I P 2""» 3*" 5'- »• •). \V. O. BURUOWS.
HUMTAH (npipn). — A city of Judah, noticed neil to Hebron, Jos 1^". The site is doubtful.
HUNGER.— See Food.
HUNTING (i«, Bripfittr, iyptfittr, vfnor, ea/tio, cnpiu vfiuitione, rapio pr<rditm, ' to hunt ' j T!«, ."n-j, 0/ipa, O^ptv/ia, iriaiTiatiit, veniiniii, veniitio, cif>aria, ' iiuntini;,' ' venison ' ; i.'s, Oij/xittji, v<tuitor, ' hunter ; i;", O^fiior, especially in yyf 'in;i3, n:: n¥'7i ^* Oripior T^t y^t, t4 (hj^or t4 dyptor, be»t%a terra, agri, etc.).
438
HUNTING
HUSBANDRY
When the earliest extant documents orij;innteil, the Israelites had not only passed out of, but liad
entirclj' forgotten that
mly pi Israel
ever passed throu"li,
that stage in the development of primitive tribes at which men's chief business and resource is hunting'. Adam (Gn 3") and Cain (4-) cultivate the soil, and Abel is a shepherd (i'6.). Israel, in the persons of Isaac and Jacob, is contrasted with the hunting tribes, Ishmael, the 'archer' (Gm 21-" E), and Ksau, the 'cunning hunter' (tin 25'-'' J) ; it is Nimrod, the founder of Assyria, wlu) is 'a mighty hunter before J'" (Gn 10" K). Hebrew, liowever, preserves a trace of the hunting Htage of primitive society, nys ziUUdi, by ety- mology 'hunting' or 'game,' and so used in Kethihh of Gn 27', is regularly used for provision (Gn 42^ etc.) ; thus suggesting a time when game was the ordinary food.