TIIK CAROB TRKU, cbratonta siliqua, l.
(On the left side is a hedge of Indian Fig, the plant on which the Cochineal grows.)
case, enclosing a sweet pulpy substance, in which the seeds are embedded. This pulp is edible and nutritious, and often eaten by the poorer people. The pods are ground and boiled, in order to extract the saccharine substance, which has the colour and consistence of tre.acle, and is used as food. The name St. John's Bread, applied to tliese pods, is from a tradition that they were the locusts which that prophet ate in the wilderness (Mt 3^ Mk 1°). But this tr.ulilion is contrary to the text of the Gospels. There are also no carob trees in the wilderness. There can be no doubt as to the possi- bility of the prodigal son eating the pods (Lk 15'").
G. E. Pc-iT. HUZZAB (3*^). — A word of uncertain meaning, wliitli occurs only in Nah 2'. It may be taken either as a verb or a noun. Gesenius adopts the former of the.se alternatives, connects the word with the preceding verse, and translates, ' the palace is dissolved and made to flow down ' (:vi being Hoph. of 3;?, unused in Qal=_/?oir). Others make it Hoph. of ns; and tr. ' it is decreed ' (UVm). Far better suited to the context is the interpreta- tion followed in the t^jxt of both AV and RV, which finds in H. a reference to the Assyr. queen. It niaj' be questioned, indeed, whether the Mas- soretic vocalization of the word is correct. Both Luther and Wellhausen content themselves with the simple rendering 'die Kfinigin ' ; Kautzsch leaves the clause untranslated, holding that the text is corrupt, and that :si represents a noun u-ith the article, which is intended to be a designa- tion of the queen of As-syria. Wellhausen (AVrin. Projihet. 32, 158) suggests that Assyriology may yet clear up the question. The LXX i) iirlnrriiait gives us no help (<'f. Nowack and A. B. Davidson, ad loc, also the latter and Chej-ne in Expos. Times, vii. 5GS, viii. 4S). J. A. Selbik.
HYACINTH.— See Jacinth.
HY/ENA (iii3» [prob. textual error loriiciifAhhM, faua]. ^lilihiiit' 18 almost identical with the Arab. dab' [pi. diibu'], which signifies a hijirnn). — This aniinal is quite common in all Syria anil Palestine, lis den is often in a roikhcwn tomb or a cave. It freq. exhumes the Iwdics of the dead, and devour! them. It breaks or gnaws the bones of its liiduuui
410
HYUASPES
IIYMX
meal to extract the marrow. It will, when pressed by liun;^er, attack lar^e animals, and even men. The piussage in which z/ibhun occurs (Jer 12") is a pari of a series of images illustrating the state of God's heritage. If it be rendered ' mine heritage is to me the ravenous liya'na (although .t in o:in is generally taken as interrogative) ; birds of prey are against her round about ; go ye, assemble all the beu-sts of the field, bring them to devour,' the jiiiture is that of a collection of the hya'na, jackals, foxes, vultures, ravens, and crows around a carcase. The meaning then would be that the chosen people have become ravenous beasts and birds, which are a.ssembled to devour the prey they have slain. But even if .i be taken as the article, it is dillicult to reg.ard I'say as other than predicate. Another objection to translating !,"3!t b-i? t/ie rnvcnmis ht/(Fna, is that o-y is always in OT employed for birds of prey (Gn 15", Job 28', Is 18' 46", Ezk 39*). But it mat/ mean a rnvcnuus benst as well as bird, the root signifying ' one that rushes ' on its prey (cf. Arab, saba a, to rarin). If we tr. the Rrsfni/ilbeast and the second bird, we have a play on language conformable to Oriental taste. The tr° ' speckled bird ' (AV, RV and the majority of modern com- mentators) is derived from the root yax ' dye ' (cf. Jg 5») yjy ' dyed stuU'). Siegfried-Stade (s. o-j,') suggest the emendation vay nsis ' toin by the liya;na.'
The expression 'Valley of Zeboim' (IS 13") means Valley of Hyanas. G. E. Post.
HYDASPES rTSdffTTT,!). — The name of a river mentioned along with the Euphrates and the Tigris (Jth 1*), and in such a context as to imply that it must be soui'ht for on the Babylono • Median frontier. Probably, however, there ia a confusion with the Hydaspes in N.W. India, a circumstance which, considering the unhistorical character of the Bk. of JuditTi, is not to be wondered at. Hydaspes (for Vitnsta) is an assimilation to the Eranian pcrsotial nama Hud/idspa, 'possessing well- equipped horses' (Diod. II. vi. 1 ; Heliodor. lOG, 17; Pseudo - Callisth. ir. x. 2; Horace, Sat. 11. viii. 14). Of course no river could possibly be called by such a name, and it is simply a mistake of Strabo or his authorities when the Vitasta (the modem BSKat or Jalam) appears in his pages as tlie Hydaspes. F. Hom.mel.
HYMEN^DS ('TM^raios).— A false teacher of the time of St. Paul. His name occurs twice in the Epp. to Timothy, but there only in the NT. On the first occasion he is mentioned along with Alexander (see Alexander, No. 4) as having ' made shipwreck concerning the faith,' and in consequence both have been ' delivered unto Satan, that they might be taught not to blaspheme ' (1 Ti !'•• ^). On the second occasion he and Philetus (which see) are characterized as ' men who concern- ing the truth have erred, saying that the resurrec- tion is past already, and overthrow the faith of some ' (2 Ti 2"- '»). Mosheim, indeed, and others have held that two different persons must be referred to, on account of the milder terms of con- demnation used in the second passage. But these arise naturally from the fact that in the first case it is the man's diseased moral state which is in view, a state requiring for its amendment the severest personal treatment ; while in the second the apostle is thinking rather of the doctrinal error mto which H. had fallen.