On the symbolical meanini; of incense and its ingredients much has been written both in ancient and in modern times that is pure baseless phantasy. In Bev 5' incense represents the prayers of the saints (cf. Ps 14P). The reading at (which is the correct text) does not in the least necessitate a reference to <pia.\ai. instead of 8vij.iati.aTa (see Bousset, ad loc). The point of comparison is probablj' the ascending to heaven of the smoke of the incense (cf. Dillm. on Lv P). In Rev 8^ there was given to the angel much incense that he should add it (iVa Jiiffj) to the prayers of the saints, and in v.'' the smoke of the incense goes up (not ' with ' UV, but) ' for (IlVm ; Bousset ' zu Gunsten ') the prayers of the saints,' i.e. gi\ing them an extry claim to acceptance.
LiTKBATURi!. — Oxf. Beb. Lex. t. n;'i3)> ; Siejrfried-Stade, «. •VJiJ, nnbp; Dillmann, Ez-Lv», 294, 860,869, also on Dt 831<>; Priver on Dt 33i", also LOT^'St, and art. 'Exodus' in Smith'l /)B2 p. 1022 (.; Wcliluiuscn. Proleg. (1895), 64 ff., Vomp . \Jfta.,JDrii,li77,p. 41ufr., yt«(ra, 114 ; Kuenen. llpxatnich (.MiicMiillan), 7it. ; aiiui-2, ZATtt' iii. liitt., lOSff. ; Nuw;ick Ili-h. Arch. li. 2401.; Benzinger, Heb. Arch. 401 t., 4J4t. ; Schurer, IIJ P 11. i. 288, 281, 2»3, 293, 295; Delitzsch, Sludirn. 113ff. ; Hommel, AilT IJOt., 279. See also art Cknbbu and literature there cited. J. A. SELUIB.
INCENSE ALTAR.— See Tabernacle.
INCEST.— See Crimes and Punlshments, vol L p. 52P.
INCONTINENCY, INCONTINENT.- Incontin- ency is the tr° of incontinentia in 2 Es 5'", and of iKpaffia (Vulg. incontinentia) in I Co 7°. In 2 Eg the word has probably the general sense of ' ab- sence of self-control,' ' lawlessness,' for so both the Lat. and the Eng. words have sometimes been used. The u.sual sense, however, has always been ' unchastity,' and that is the meaning in 1 Co.
The Or. word kxptsm occurs also in Mt 2323, where it is tp* •excess 'by both AV and RV (Vulj^. immumlitia). It dL'Scrihes the character of the otxpctriif (from xfiarii*, to control), one who wants seU-restraint, its opposite beinc iyxpocTiia. This itxpartct must be distiti^'uished from atxpariec, which comes from xi^av.wiii, to mix, is associated with otxpxrr.t, ' uiitempered.'and is used by Theophr. (C.P. m. ii. 5) of a bad (lit. ' badly mixed ') climate.
The adj. ' incontinent' occurs only in 2 Ti .■{' as tr" of dupar^s, which has probably the general meaningof ' unrestrained,' ' uncontrolled '( RV' with- out self-control '). It is scarcely i>o.ssible, however, to find an instance of 'incontinent' in this general sense; and it is probable that Wye. and Rhem., from whom AV accepted the word, understood the Vulg. incontinentes in the sense of 'uncliaste.' Tind. (whom the other versions follow) has ' rya- tours.' J. 1Iasting.«.
INCREDULITY.— In 2 Es 15' the Lat. inrredidi- tales dircntium is rendered 'the incredulity of them that speak against thee.' The word me.ana no more than 'unbelief (as UV). The liliem. NT, which confesses itself a translation of ' the old vulgar Latin text, not the common Greek text,' makes frequent use of the word. Thus Mt 13" ' And he wrought not many miracles there be- cause of their incredulity'; 17-° 'Then came tlie disciples to Jesus secretly, and .said. Why could not we cast him out? Jesus said to them. Because of your incredulity'; He 3" 'And we .see that they could not enter in, because of incredulitie.' In the same version incredulons occurs no less frequently, as Mk 9'" ' O incredulous generation ' ; Lk 1" ; Jn 3^ ' he that is increilulous to the Sonne slial not see life'; 20'-'' 'be not incredulous but faithful'; He U»' 'By faith, Kahab the harlot perished not with the incredulous.'
Incredulity is used in the same way in Preface to AV 1611, ' it is a fault of incredulitie to doubt of those things that are evident.' J. Hasti.nqs.
INDIA (™, rt 'ZySiicfi). — This name, which in the OT is found only in Est 1' 8» (cf. 1 Es 3^, Ad. Est 13' 16'), represents the Old Persian H%'d'u and the Sansk. Sindhu ( = scn or great rive\, and is ap]ilied, not to the peninsula of Hindostan, 1 ut to the country immediately adjoining the Indus, i.e. the Punjab, and perhaps also Scinde. This is the portion of I. which w.as first known to the Greeks, and which is described by Herodotus (iii. 94, 98) as forming the most easterly region of the empire of Parius. Elsewhere (vii. 9) he names I. and Ethiopia as being among the most distant parts of the empire ; and similarly in Est the dominions of Ahasuerus (Xerxes) are said to extend from I. to Ethiopia, comprising 127 provinces. At a later
INDIFFEEEJsT
INDITE
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period we have evidence of intercourse hetween I. and Syria, in the allusion to the Indian drivers in charge of the war elephants of Antiochus v. (1 Mac 6"). In 1 Jlac 8", indeed, I. is said to have been a part of the dominions of Antiochus the Great, taken from him by the Itumans and <;iven to Eunienes, kin^' of I'ergamum. But neitlier Antioclius nor Eumenes can really have had possessions in India. The statement must therefore be due to the in- accuracy of the historian ; unless, aa has been conjectured, we should correct the text and read ' Ionia and Mysia' instead of ' India and Media.'