But althou'jh the name I. occurs only in the later Jewish literature, the products of the country were known to the Hebrews at a much earlier date. Many modern scholars have identified the Pison and the gold-producing Havilah of On 2" with the Indus and I. (so Ges. Th(s. ; but cf. Dillm. and Del. ad loc. ). This view is as old as the Targ. Jerushalmi, which in Gn 2" 10' renders H.avilah by Hindeki, while in Targ. Jon. of Is 11", Jer IS'^^, Hindeki represents Cush. We meet with Indian articles and Indian words iu the accounts of the foreign trade of Solomon. The ships from Ophir brought alinug trees (1 K 10" c-^l'^h, 2 Ch 2« [Heb. T O'" D-pji-x), per- haps sandalwood ; and the navy of Tarshish (1 K 10^-) imported ivory (D-^njE*, ?cf. Sansk. ibhns, elephant), apes (c'5'ip = Ind. foipi, cf. Halevy, M(l. de crit. 81), and peacocks (d'';b = Malabar tijai, cf. Ges. Thes.). See Cheyne and Ilommel in Expos. Times, July and August, 1898, pp. 470, 524. It is probable also that Indian wares were included in the merchandise of Tyre, whose extensive caravan trade is described in Ezk 27. According to v." the men of Dedan brought presents of ivory and ebony, products either of I. or Ethiopia ; cassia and calamus (v.") are spoken of by the ancients as coming from I., and perhaps the ' bright iron ' was imported from the same country (see amend). Real knowledge of I. in more Western countries dates from the time of Alexander's con- quests, and of the travels of Mogasthenes (r. B.C. 300), whose works were continually quoted by later Gr. writers. But though it appears that a regular trade with I. by way of the Red Sea was carried on in the Gra!CO-Koman period (cf. Periplus Mar. Eriith. 37. 44) ; and individual Indians, and even Indian embassies, are mentioned as visiting the Rom. Empire (cf. Mun. Anc. v. 50, 51 ; Suet. Aug. 21 ; Dio Cass. liv. 9) ; yet it is probable that at the beginning of our era the knowledge of that country was but slight, and it is a mistake to suppose that Indian thought can have exerted any appreciable influence upon the West by that time (cf. Schiirer, UJP II. ii. 215 f.; Ligfitfoot, Colossians, 389 tf.). In particular, Zeller {P/iil. d. Griech. III. ii. 223) denies that any trace of Budd- hists is to be found in Gr. literature before the middle of the 2nd cent. A.D. H. A. White.
INDIFFERENT.— 'It is a striking testimony,' says Trench {Select Glossary, p. HI), 'of the low general average which we have come to assume common to most things, that a thing which does not dilfer from others, is thereby qualified as poor ; a sentence of depreciation is pronounced ui)on it when it is declared to be indifferent.' And he points out that the same feeling embodies iUself in Greek ' at the other end ' when Staipiptiv means prastare and rd Sia<f>ipoyTa pra-stantinra. But this 18 a modern fault. About 1011 and earlier, to be called ' indill'erent' was to be highly complimented, for it meant to be impartial, not making a diller- ence where none existed. In the .Juint Attesta- tion of Several Bishops and Learned Dirines of the Church of England, ariarinn that her Doctrine ii-as confirmed, arid her Discipline was not impeached, by 'the Synod of Dort, we read, 'As for ourselves,
in the ingenuity of our conscience, we herein dc not decline the judgement of any inditferent dis- passionate man ; and such we hope this true and plain narration will satisfy ' (M. Fuller, Life of Bp. Davenant, p. 107). Tindale, in The Obedience of a Christian Man (Works, i. 23l>), says of God, ' Neither is there any respect of persons with him ; that is, he is indill'erent and not partial ; a-s great in his sight is a servant as a master.' The adj. occurs in Sir 42', where ' merchants' indill'erent selling' is praised (B rtpl a5ia<l>6pou irpdaajt xal iliirbptiiv, ASC Staiplipov and om. /cai, RV ' Of in- dill'erent selling of merchants,' so Cowley-Neu- bauer after Heb. text). The meaning is clearly ' impartial.' But even Tindale, in a note to Ex 12*. says, ' That I here cal a shepe, is in Ebrue a word indill'erent to a shepe and a gotte both.' Then in his ' Godly Letter ( IVor/cs, iii. 177) Knox repre- sents 'the haill Counsaile' as saying of Grimlall, Lever, and others of the Protestant preachers, ' Thay wald heir no mo of thair sermonis : they wer but indifferent fellowis ; (yea, and sum of thame eschanieit not to call thame pratting knaves).' And at a later time Thomas Adam< (on 2 P 1*) speaks of ' idle indiflerents, that d ■ neither good nor harm.'
The adv. indifferently occurs in the Communion Service in the Prayer (1602) for the King and his officers ' that they may truly and indill'erently administer justice.' Joy, in his Apology to Tindale (Arber's ed. p. 4), .says, 'I desier every indill'erent reder to iuge inditterently.' So Tina, in Prologs to Dent, 'god is lorde above all lordes and loveth all his servauntes indill'erentl}', as well the poor and feble and the straunger, aa the rich and mightye ' ; which is a recollection of his tr" of Ja 1' ' '^^f eny of 5'ou lacke wysdome, let him axe of God which gcvetli to all men in- ditt'erentlie, and casteth no man in the teth.' And on the miracle of the Ten Lepers, Bp. Hall says (]\'orh<, ii. l,-)4), 'The miracle indillerenlly wrought ujion all, is differently taken.'