So lofty and spiritual is the pros[>ect in chs. 40-55 J and still so general when it descends to the details of the restoration. There is nothing priestly in the prospect, nothing warlike except in metaphor ; no directions are given for the building of the temple, nor for the institution of sacrifice ; no emphasis is laid upon the resumption of the latter, and it is not once mentioned as indisiiens- able for the return of J' to His people, and the renewal of His intercourse with them. To Zion J" returns alon(i with His i)eople ; they are His Temple, He is manifest in them (45"). His gifts to them are siiirituul : pity, grace, forgiveness, VOL. II. — 32
illumination, peace ; their political restoration ii but the pledge of all these. His demands upon them, too, are purely ethical and in the spirit of the older prophecy — fulfilment of His torah and viuih/mf (51*). And the long argument and exhor- tation concludes in 55 upon the keynote of its opening chapter (40) that J'"s word is omnipotent and creative. It shall bring all these things to pass. We shall see how different this atmosphere is irom that of the chapters which follow (55-66).
(i) Chs. 56-66. — In passing from chs. 40-55 into 56-66 we feel, as we have alreadj- shown (see § X.), a great difference of style. Instead of one long argument and rea.soned revelation, visible in the prophecy as a whole and in the series of jjassagea on the Servant which are scattered through it, we enter a series of detached and broken oracles, which have sometimes no relation to each other, and all of which further differ from 40-55 in their style, temper, and the religious interests that tlicy emphasize. It is true that some of the pre- dominant notes of 40-55 are repeated, and others are developed. The argument of the sovereignty and holiness of J" is taken for granted, and these are asserted almost in the same phrases (57" 6o"-"-"). 'Righteousness' is occasionally used in the same sense of the exhibition of J^s faith- fulness and burning fervour in the salvation of His people (61'""- 62"'-). The vi.sion of the zeal and passion of J" is repeated and elaborated ; as before. He is the strenuous and furious warrior (591611. e3i-«). There is one more picture of the .Servant (61'-') with his mission of comfort and restoration to the people ; and about this there is the same ambiguity as to whether it be the [>icture of the prophetic portion of Israel or of some indi- vidual endowed with the Spirit. The rebuilding of Jerusalem is described as more imminent, and the vision of her glory is developed in greater iletail but with the same essential leatures of joy, beauty, fertilitj', an overflowing population of her retunie<l sons and daughters, enrichment by the gifts of the Gentiles, and their acknowledgment of the God who resides in her (56' 60. CI'"- 62. 65'»'- 66''"^-). But several new features are introduced, some of which contrast unfavourably with the lofty and spiritual tone of chs. 40-55, and .some reveal the circumstances and duties of a people alreadj' reestablished in civic resiionsibility upon their own soil. From 56 onwards the temple and its building bulk more largely (56'"'- GO" 63" 64" 66'); the .sacrificial system becomes a little more prominent (56" 62* 66-"), so do others of the insti- tutions and ceremonies of religion ; the Sahlmth (56-- ' 58""- 66'^), the priesthood of the people (61«), and the orders of priests and Leviles (titi^'), the pcr])etual worship (5S^ 62* 66-^) ; and we find, too, directions on those matters on which the returned community, etTecting its reorganization, had to legislate : e.q. the place of eunuchs in the c<ingre- gation (oG-"'-) and the question of fasts (5S*- •). .\ud there is an insistence upon civic duties and the social virtues (5S'"'- 59*) ; the sins of perverting justice and equity, uttering falseliooii, and com- mitting robbery are charged ujion the peo]ile in the fa-shion that prophecy assumed when Israel was a .Stall' (59'^' 61') ; aud righteousness is again useil in its older meaning side by side with its newer meaning (65*). These data conhrm the conclusion reachcni alove of a difference of author- ship between 40-65 and ."iO-ea.
LiTKKATVKE.— Bcflidn Uie Kcnrr&I llistorie* of Ixrapl and Ismol's lli'Iicion, Introduction* to the OT. worWf on tvrThcol<VT,
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Pahts I ' ir^ii. vol Iv.xnirTBCKtoin, Cjrril
of Alexau'lrui ; iin.-ti s:,ail\» (t uri), Armbic Vrnion (with com- lucntAry, ol which laiwr only * (aw lrav<i><nu nirriT*), I
498
ISAIAH
ISAIAH
edition by J. Dcrcnbour^ in ZATW, 18S9, 1-64, 1800, 1-8-1 ; Aben Kzrft, 1155, Eng. by Friedlander, London, 1S77 ; David Kimchi (1 230). Lilt. ed. Florence, 1774 ; Ulrich Zwingli, Vomplanatio Jf^uia' Latiiui, Zuricli, 1529, Works, vol. v. o( ed. Schulcr and Setiultes3 : Jolin Calvin, Comvx.j Geneva, 1551, Eng. Edin. 1850 ; D. Isaac! Abrubanieli, Comm. m Eit. Proph. 50, etc., Leyden, ElzL'V. 1631 ; Louis d© Dieu, Animadversiones in VT Libros otniii'A, Leyden, 1648 ; Lat. trans, of Itaijlii'B Comtn, by lireith.mpt, 1713 (not seen); Camp. Vitringa, Comrn., Leeu- warden, 2 vols. 1714-20, ed. Ba3. 1732 ; Lat. trans, ot Kimchi, 1774 (not seen); Robert Lowth, Is., a New Translation tcUh preiiia. dusert. aiid notes, 2 vols. London, 1778, Germ, by J. B. Koppe, 4 pts, Leipzig, 1779-81 ; Hcnsler, Jes. utters. initAnm., Uaiub. 1788 (not seen) ; J. C. Doderlein, Ksai'as, a Latin trans, with notes, Niirn. 1789, 3rd ed. Altorf, 1789; W. Gesenius, Comin. with trans., Leipzig, 1820-21 ; Ferd. Hitzig, Der Proph, Je»., Heidelberg, 1833; Maurcr, In Jes. Comin. 1836; Uende- werk, VfS Jes. Weiss, chronotog. neordnet, 2 pts. Konigsb. 1838, 1S43 (not seen); H. Ewald, Die Proph. det Allen Bundes, Tub. 1840-41, 2nd ed. 1867-68, Eng. by h^red. Smith, ii. iv. v., London, 1876-81 ; E. Uendcrson, Bk. o_( Proph. Is.'', London, 1840 ; F. W. C. Umbreit, Prakt. Comm., Hamburg, 1846 ; Ad. Knobc!, Jes. erklart. Lcipz. 1843, 3rd ed. 1801 ; E. lleier, I'roph. Jes. erkl I'forzh. 18.^0 (not seen, only toch. 23); Drechsler, Der Proph. Jet., 2 vols. 1851-54; O. D. Luzzatto, II Pro/eta Isaia, etc., Padua, 18.'>5 ; J. A. Alexander, Comm., Edin. 1365 ; Fr. Delitzsch, Coiniiu 18(;0,4th ed. 18S9,Eng.l8n'.'. ; E. Reuss, Les ProphHes, 1876, ct. Das AT, ii., Brunswick, 1892-94 ; Nagelsbach in Lange's Bihelwcrk, 1877, Eng. 1878 ; Birks, Comm. on Bk. of Is., Lend. 1878 ; T. K. Cheyne, Proph. o/ Is. trans, with Comm. and Appendices, 1880, 5th ed. 1889; 0. J. Brecienkamp, Der Proph. Jes., Erlangen, 1887 ; v. Orelli, Propheten Jes. u. Jeremia, Nordlingen, 1887, Eng. by Banks, 18S9 ; G. A. Smith, Is. 1-S9, 1888, Is. iO-66, 1890, 'Expositor's Bible ; Aug. DiUmann, Der Proph. Jes., Leipz. 1890, being 5th ed. of Knobel's work in the ' Kurz- gefasstes Exeget. Uandbjch z. AT' (Diestel had edited 4th ed. in 1872) ; Bernh. Duhra, Das Bitch Jesain in Nowock's Uand- kommentar i. AT, Gottiiigen, 1892 ; W. Reich. Jes., vol. i. of Das Proph. Schriflthum, Wien. 1892 ; J. Skinner, Is. 1-S9. in the Caml/r. Bible, 1896, 40 -«S, 1898 ; Guthe u. Ryssel in Kautzsch, Die heil. Se.hrift, 1896 ; H. O. Mitchell, Is. : a .Study of Chs. 1-11, New York, 1897 ; T. K. Cheyne, Is. in PB, 1898 ; R. kittel, 6th ed. of Dillmann's Der Proph. Jes., Leipz. 1898.