2. The name of the Messiah in every part of this book is * the Beloved.' There is some ground for thinking that this was a pre-Cliristian Messianic title. For ( 1 ) it is used in the GT (o riyaTrrm^i>ot, LXX) as a title of Israel ; e.g. Dt 32'» SS"; », where it renders 'Jeshurun,' as it does also in Is 44'; again in Is 5, 4 JiyariipJyot and 6 d^oTt/ris render Ti; and I'll respectively. It was natural, therefore, that, like the titles 'Servant' and 'Elect,' it should bo transferred from the people to the Messiah. (2) At the pcrio<l when the Gospels were written ' the Beloved ' and ' the Elect ' were practically interchangeable terms, for Mt writes i ayaxTrri! fiov ( 12") in citing Is 42', wliere the Heb. is Tn? (LXX i iKXcKTit /jiov) ; and Lk ('J") substi- tutes A iKXeXeyii/fot for i d^airip-ii in the words •poken at the Transfiguration. (3) These two substitutions suggest tliat, whatever may have been the original meaning of the iihrase 4 vUt Mou 4 dTOTijTit (Mk 1" 9'), both Mt nnil Lk regarded 4 d7ain;T4t 08 a separate title, and not as an epithet of vWs ; and it is interesting to note that the Ohl Syriac version empliasizcil this distinction by rendering ' My Son and My Bcloveil.' (4) In Eph 1' St. Paul uses /» rip rtyarrin/yi^i as equivalent
to {r rf Xpicmj) in a context in which ho is de signedly using terms derived from Jewish sources. (5) Certain passages of the LXX wliere 4 d7oirijT4i occurs were explained by Cliristian interpreters as ]Me.S8ianic (Ps 44 (45) tit., Zee 12"'). (U) Lastly, we have several passages in early Christian writ- ings in which 4 iiyairriiiiiios is used as a title of Christ, e.g. Barn. 3«4>- » ; cf. Clem. Horn. Sg'- • ; Ign. Sinym. inscr.; llerm.5im. IX. xii. 5; Acta of Theclu, e. 1 ; 4 iyairrjrSs is also used, but usually with i'i4s or Tttis (Ilerm. Hiin. v. ii. 6 ; Mart. Polyc. 14 ; E/i. adDiitgn. 8 ; Acts cf Therln, c. 24; in the last three cases in a liturgical formula). It is difficult to sup- pose that in all these instances from (Christian \\Titings the title (esp. in the form 4 Tna.ir-r\^vo%) has for its only source the NT. And in particular the persistent use of 4 dyairip-As in the present book suggests that the writer mu.st have tliought its introduction consistent with verisimilitude in a work which sought to be reiiarded a.s an ancient Jewish prophecy of Christ
J. ARMITAGE Robinson. ISCAH{nrr,'If(rx<i,etj'm. uncertain). — A daughter of Haran and sister of Mileah, Gn 11^ (J). This is the only passage in OT where she is mentioned. There is no probability (see Dillni. adloc.) in the identification of Iscah with Sarai (Jos. Ant. I. vi. 5, Targ. Jon., Talm., Epliraem, Jerome, Haslii, etc.), and little warrant for the conjecture of Ewald {HI i. 313) that she was the wife of Lot.
ISCARIOT.— See JUDAS ISCARIOT.
ISDAEL ClffoaTiX), lEs5».— In Ezr 2M, Nch 7". GiDUEL. The form is probably due to corruption of the Greek, TEAAHA being read as ICAAIIA.
ISHBAH (n;v^;).— A Judahite, the 'father' of Eshtenioa, I Ch 4". See Genealoov.
ISHBAK (p;;").— A son of Abraham by Ketnrah, Gn 2.T-'=1 Ch 1". In Gn the LXX has, A 'Ua^U (so Luc), D'\ea^avK, E 'UabK, in 1 Ch B ^api.K, A 'Xta^bK. The tribe of which he is the enonym is somewhat uncertain, although Frd. Delitzsch (ZSKF ii. 92) identifies it with laahulf of the cuneiform inscriptions, where it is mentioned as a land (;ndO whose king was allied with Sangara (Shanigar?)of Gargarais (Carilieniish) and others against Assur-na?ir-pal and Shalmaneser II. (c. 8')9 B.C.). Dillmann and Delitz.sch point out that the name has nothing to do with Simnbuk in tho Jebol esh-Shera, which is not heard of till the time of the Crusades.
ISHBI-BENOB.— One of the four Philistines of the giant stock who were slain by tlie mighty men of David (2 S 21""). See, however, GOB.
ISHBOSHETH (nys-i^'K), who disputed the throne of Israel with Pavid for about seven years, was the fourth son of Saul (1 Ch 8« 9»). His real name as preserved by the Chronicler was E-shbaal or Ishbaal (Sv3"i'"f< 'man of Baal'), but he is better known to us by the name Ishboslieth (n;^-'^'" ' nion of the shameful thing'), which he liears in 2 S 2* and elsewhere. This double nomenclature is easily exidained. Baal is most familiar to us as the name of a Tyrian or Phicn. divinity, but in it« primary- meaning of 'lord' it was tlio designation applieif by tho N. Shcmites each to their own i>articular deity, and we know that at one time it was a frequent appellation even of the Go.1 ol Israel (Hos 2'"- "). It is in tliis way that we must explain it« use by Saul in naming his sons, for, whatever faults niav be chargeaiilo against the first king of Israel, lie was certainly no idolattir. In later times, when Bool had come to be regarded
B02
ISHBOSHETH
ISHMAEL
as a heathenish name, the words of Ex 23" ' Make no mention of tlie name of other gods,' were inter- preted so literally that in reading, and linally in WTiting, Boshcth (' the shameful thing ') was frequently substituted for B'vtl. (Tlie text of Samuel must, according to Wildehoer, Litt. d. AT 82, have escaped this alteration till after B.C. 250, the date at which the Chronicler still found the original name Ishbaal written there). As Hosea apparently means to express his con- tempt for the impure worship of the N. kingdom by substituting (Hos 4" 5' IC) Bethaven ' house of idolatry ' for Bethel ' house of God,' for a similar reason the Jerubbnal of Jg 6'' is replaced in 2S 11-' by Jerubbcsheth. In like manner the name of Jonathan's son was not Mephibosheth but Meribbaal. In this case also it is the Chronicler that has preserved the true name (cf. 2 S 4'' with 1 Ch 8** 9*°). The oU'ensive component Baal was occasionally got rid of in a diU'erent way. In 1 S 14'"' the name of one of Saul's sons appears as Ishvi ("ir"), in whicli Wellhausen, followed by Budde (liicht it. Sa7n. 207), sees a corruption of Ishjo {Vf'!!) or Jshja/iu. This is supported by the LXX (Luc. ) 'leffffiov. In this instance the word Baal, instead of being degraded to Bosheth, is trans- figured into one of the forms of the name J", and the 'man of Baal' (Ishbaal) becomes the 'man of J"' (Ishjahu). On the same principle, David's son .Be«;iada (1 Ch 14') appears in 2 S 5'" as £/iada (Benzinger, Heb. Archaol. 152).