522
IVORY
IZZIAH
the Ist cent, supply us with no certain answer.'* Besides tlie literature quoted above, see the present writer's HGHL 54411'., and Expositor, 1894, viii. 406, ii. 51 ff., 143 £f., 231 ff., 331 f.
G. A. Smith.
IVORY (i;* shen, Ae^dyro/oi).— The word shfn signilies a tooth, and is freq. employed in its orig. sense in OT (E.v 21", Lv 24*' etc.). It is also freq. used in the sense of ivory, as\mn^t\\o clci>hrint s tooth (AVm 1 K 10- ; see c'?n}7 under Elei'Ha.vt). Once ivorv is sjioken of as ' horns of teeth,' ni:-!B t^* (Ezk 27"). Ihe word horns alludes to the shape of the tusk, but its construction with teeth shows that the Hebrews understood what ivory really was. The conte.\t always makes it clear when slicn .should be rendered ivory.
In Ps 45' IP '^^-n prob. refers to palaces or rhambers in them, inlaid with ivory (cf. p'n "oj Am 3", and n-j la'.T 1 K 22™). Chambers with elaborate panellings of ivory and ebony exist in Damascus and oUier cities of the East to-day. Tables, stands, screens, picture-frames, pipes, and many other articles, in- laid with ivory, mother-of-pearl, silver and gold, are found in the houses of well-to-do peo[)le in the East. Solomon imported large quantities of ivory (1 K 10~). His throne was made of it (1 K lO'**'). It was also used for making or inlaying couches (Am 6^), and the benches of galleys (Ezk 27").
The Egyp. and Assyr. monuments allude to the trade in ivory, and porters bearing tusks are figured on them. Among the merchandise of Babylon (Rev 18'-) were vessels of ivory. It was probably brought to Pal. by the caravans ('travelling companies') of Dedanim (Is 21'^), as well as the ships of Tarshish (1 K 10~). The 'tower of ivory' (Ca 7-') may have been a tower richly ornamented with this substance, or a figure to Ulustrato the wliite- ness of the bride's neck, as we say ' a snowy neck,' or 'an alabaster arm.' G. E. Post.
lYYAH (n;!; ; LXX variants are numerous, see Swete).— According to 2 K 18^ (wanting in B of LXX), 19" ( = Is 37"; the name is wanting in both MT and LXX of Is 36") a city conquered by the Assyrians, named along with Sepharvaim and Hena. It is frequently identified with Avva (N;V), whence, according to 2K 17^", Sargon (but see Winckler, .4/</6s<. Untersuchunqen, 100 U.) brought colonists to Samaria. Regarding Avva no infor- mation is to be gathered from the inscriptions (Schrader, KAT'' 281, 384 [COT'' i. 273, ii. 8]). Hommel {Expos. Times, April, 1898, p. 330 f.) supports the view that Hena and Iwah (or, as he prefers, Avvah) are not places at all, but the names of the two chief gods of the three Syrian cities, Hamath, Arpad, and Sepharvaim. (For the grounds of this conclusion and the various stages through which he holds the MT to have passed before reaching its present form in 2 K 17''"-, see the article just cited). Winckler {op. cit.), on the other hand, considers that the parallelism, not to speak of other reasons, requires
• The identification of the name Jetur or Itursan with the modem Jedur (i.0. Q«dur) to the S. of Damagcus, is philolo^caUy inipoeaibla.
in 2 K 18" 19" ( = I8 37") one place name, which, judging from the variety of L.XX readings, hai been ill preserved, but mav have been Avvah or Iwah, and must have designated a city coming within the sphere of vision of the Jews — probably situated, like Sepharvaim, in Syria.
J A. Selbie. lYY (k((T(j-os, hedera). — This plant was sacred to Bacchus. The Jews were comi)elkd, at the time of the feast of this god, to carry ivy in procession in his honour (2 Mac 6'). The ' corruptible crown ' (1 Co ff") of the Isthmian games was sometimes made of its leaves, at other times it was a garland of pine. The ivy, Hedera Helix, L., grows wild in Pal. and Syri.a, and climbs up the faces of the clid's along the coast and to the middle zone of the mountain ranges. G. E. POST.
lYE-ABARIM (o-iji^rr "m ' lyim of the regions beyond,' distinguishing this place from tlie lim of Jos 15-*). — The station following Oboth mentioned in Nu 21" 33" and described (21") as 'in the wilderness which is before Moab toward the sun- rising,' and more briefly (33") as ' in the border of Moab.' Nothin" is known as to its position beyond these indications. Tlie versions, though allording no geographical inform.ation, are interest- ing in their renderings of the first word ; the LXX of 21" has XoXvXei B, with a variant 'Xx^Xyal in A, and (perhaps) E, and in 33-"-" Tal. The Syriac takes tlie word as yM 'fountain,' Targ. Onk." lijvs nnc as its equivalent in 21" and 33", and in 33". This word is used for a ford or passage in Targ. of 1 S 13-^ 14*, and in Targ. Jon. of Gn 32-. See, further, Dillm. on Nu 21'". A. T. Chapman.
lYIM (c"p 'heaps' or 'rains').— Short form of lye-abarim in Nu 33". See lye-abariin for render- ings of the VSS.
lYYAR (TN, 'Irf/)).— See Time.
IZHAR (ins; ' fresh oil ' or ' shining '). — Son of Kohath the son of Levi, E.x 6'»- -', Nu 3" 16' P, 1 Ch 6=- '8- ^ 23'^- " ; patron. Izharites, Nu 3=', 1 Ch 2422 26^' ^.