The history of the ruined city remains a blank until Cyrus aro.se and wrested the enii)ire from NaboniJus, the last Babylonian king. 'J he Jews, like the I'liten., were content to remain subject to the tolerant Aryan race which ruled from India to Egypt. The Temple was refouuded at Jeru- salem (Ezr 3"), and was completed twenty years later (Ezr 6"). The return of Ezra to Jerus., and the establishment of the Law, may be referred to the reign of Artaxerxes I. (B.C. 458); see ZerUB- li.vBKL. Ace. to Jos. (Ant. XI. vii. 1), Bagoses, a general of Artaxerxes II., profaned the Temple, and laid a tax on the sacrilices. The restoration of Jerus. by Nehemiah (Nell 3) was mereh" a re- building of the ancient wall found in ruins ; but this account is the most complete that we possess of the ancient topography of the city.
The battle of Issus and taking of Tyre laid PaL at the feet of Alexander the Great, and about B.C. 332 he visited Jems., according to Jos. (,Ant. XI. viii. 4). The city sutlered, after his death, from the long struggle between the Ptolemies in Eg5'pt and the Seleucidie in Antioch. Ptol. Soter, son of La":us, entered Jerus. on the Sabbath in B.C. 305 {Ant. XII. i. 1), and Antiochus III. (called the Great) took the city from the Egyp. in B.C. 219 [Ant. XII. iii. 3). The influence of Greek art and customs began to spread over Pal. under the Seleucida;, and when Antiochus iv. (Epiiihanes) visited Jerus. in B.C. 172, there a|)pears to have been a gymnasium (perhaps the Xystus, W. of the Temple), built by the Hellenists in the Holy City (1 Mac 1", 2 Mac 4'-''2, Jos. Ant. XII. v. 1). Two years later, Antiochus, defeated in Egypt, entered Jerus. unopposed, in a Sabbatic year (1 Mac 1*, Ant. XII. v. 3). The Jews, for more than three centuries and a half, had been peaceful subjects of Pcrs. and Gr. overlords, but the growth of Gr. influence alarmed the pious, and the tj-ranny of Epiplianes bred a desperate spirit of revolt. In B.C. 108 Apollonius, the Gr. general, was sent to Jerus. by Antiochus, with orders to suppress the national religion. On the loth of Chisfev he desecrated the Temple by sacrilice of swine, — probably in honour of Ashtoreth and Tamniuz, to whom swine were sacrihced in this age in Cyprus and Phoenicia, — and an image of a boar is said to have been erected in Jerus. (1 Mac 1*', Ant. XII. v. 4). The Gr. garrison was placed in a newly erected citadel on Akra, which — as will be shown later — is identilied by Jos. with the Lower City. This citadel dominated the Temple, and during the revolt of Judas Maccabicus its garri.son held out even after the defeat of three Gr. armies sent against the patriotic leader. In B.C. 165, after the second defeat of the Greeks, Judas and his followers restored the half-ruinous and neglected Temple, erecting a new altar in place of that dese- crated by Apollonius. The 'Feast of Lights,' on tlie25tliof Chislev, still commemorates this restora- tion (1 Mac 4'-', .int. XII. vii. 7). Two years later, however, Antiochus V. (Eupator) retook .lerus., and overthrew the walls of the city and of the Temple (1 Mac 6"^ Ant. XII. ix. 5). After the defeat and death of Judas at Ela.sa, followini; soon after his victory at Adasa over Bacchides the de.secrator of the Temple, a period of misfortune for the llasmona'an liouse followed ; but uniler the skilful management of Jonathan, the brother of Judas, the national cause prospered. In B.C. 143 Jonathan built a wall in the middle of .lerus. to separate the Akra citadel from the Upper Market or Agora (1 Mac 12*', .1(1^. XIII. vi. 7). His succos-sor Simon, the wisest ami most prosperous of these famiius lirethiou, liually took the Akra citadel on the 23rd of Ziv ill B.C. 139, and partly levellcil the moun- tain on which it had stood— a laliour lasting three years (1 Mac 14", .-int. XIII. vi. 7 : on the hiatoricuJ
^88
JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM
reliability of this statement see ScliUrer, IIJP I. i. 262, note 14). John Hyrcnnus, his son, who, being at Gazara, esca]ied the massacre at Dok, ■was uesieged in D.C. 134 in Jems, by Antioclnis Sidetcs, and is said by Jos. to have opened tlie tombs of the kind's, an<l taken treasure thence (A nt. XIII. viii. 4). After Ins successful rule the quarrels of the Hasmona'ans brought further trouble on the city, and the Roman.-), having under Pompcy conquered Armenia to the Caucasus and to the borders of Persia, began to interfere in the all'airs of Palestine. An alliance with Home was one of the latest acts of Judas MaccahaMi«, and had been renewed later. The country had been at peace during the greater part of the reign of Alexander Jannicus, and the Gr. influence (as witnessed by his coins) had been steailily reasserting its power. After the death of Alexandra-Salome, the able widow of Alexander Janna-us, a war of succession broke out between her sons. Ilyrcanus II., aided by Aretas (Ilarith) the Arab kingof Petra, besieged Aristobulus II. in Jerus. in n.C. 65 ; but Scaurus, one of Pompey's generals, ordered him to raise the siege (Ant. XIV. ii. 1). In B.C. 03 Pompey himself besieged Jems., to put an end to the increasing anarcliy. Aristobulus was removed, the walls were demolished, and the bridge leading to the Temple was thrown down. Pompey is said to have entered the H(dy of Holies itself. The city W'as made tributary to Rome (Ant. XIV. iv. 4 ; ]Vars, I. vii. 1). The subioction of Pal. was, however, not yet com- plete, in B.C. 55 Crassus, before Iiis defeat in Parthia, again pillaged the Temple (Ant. Xiv. vii. 1), and in n.C. 47 the Hasmon. rule came to an end ; Antipater the Idum.'ean, in recognition of his ser- vices on the borders of Egj'pt, was made ruler of Pal. by Julius Cajsar the year after the battle of Pharsalia. Four years later his famous son, Herod the Great, became joint ruler \\-ith Phasael, and in n.C. 40 became Procurator of Juda>a, by order of the Senate. He was then driven from Jerus. by the invasion of the Parthians, under their prince Pacorus, who re-established the Hasmon. Antigonus (Wars, I. xiii. 13). In B.C. 37 Herod, assisted by Sosius the Rom. governor of Syria, took the city from Antigonus (Ant. XIV. xvi. 2), and a period of strong rule and peace followed. In n.C. 24 Herod built his palace in Jerus., on the W. side of the upper city — the old Hasmontean palace being on the E., near the Temple bridge. He also restored the citadel Baris or Antonia, N. of the Temple, and celebrated games in a new theatre in the city (Ant. XV. viii. 1-5, ix. 1). Later in his reign, in n.C. 19, Herod began to replace the ancient Temple en- closure by a new and much larger structure, and this work was finished in B.C. \\(Ant. XV. xi. 3, 6). The death of Herod, in the year of the Nativity (B.C. 4), was signalized by the destruction of the golden eagle erected over the Temple porch { Wars, I. xxxiii. 3, 8). The history of Jerus. under Herod's successors, and under the procurators, is almost a blank. In A.D. 35 Pontius Pilate was recalled, in consequence of the riots caused by appropriating the Corban to the purpose of making an aqueduct from near Bethlehem to the Temple (Ant. XVIII. iii. 2). Agrippa the tetrarch, grandson of Herod the Great, began the building of a new wall on the X. side of the city, about ten years after the Crucifixion (A.D. 41-44), and Jerus. appears to have g^o^^•n much larger during the Rom. period (Ant. XIX. \'ii. 2, viii. 2). King Acp-ippa, son of the last, built a palace in the upper city (Ant. XX. viii. 11), about A.D. 56, and the Temple courts were com- pleted in A.D. 64 (Ant. XX. ix. 7). The Jewish discontent, gradually increasing since the time of Agrippa's death, led to revolt against the incom- petent procurator Gessius Florus in A.D. 66, and during the riota the palac«s and Antonia