The buildings so erected by the two great emperotB, Con- •tantine and Justinian evlTcred from the attack of Chosroes ii. of Persi«, who, aided by 24,000 Jews, is said (Pafc/ial Chron. A.D. 614) to have destroyed the Church of the Anastosis, taking the pjitriarch Zacharias and the Holy Cross to Persia. Immedi- ately after, Modestus, the vice -patriarch, is said to have begun the restoration of the clmrch {Life of St. John Eleemon in Acta Sanct. li. p. 500). In a.d. 629 Horaclius made peace with Siroes, son of Chosroes. and entered Jerus. in triumph througii the Golden Gate (Paschal Chron.) on the 14th Sept. This victory of Christendom was, however, shortly to be followed by the triumph of Islam. It was in the same year that Mohammed destroyed the idols of Mecca, and in a.d. O.iT Khalif Omar appeared before Jerusalem. The Christians resisted for some time (four months according to Theoph., Chronotjraph, or two
f'ears according to Arab writers). The earliest accounts (im-lud- ng that of Eutychius, a.d. 870) are not contemporary, but all writer* seem to agree that Omar's conquest was unstaineti by blood. He proclaimed security for life and property on payment of tribute, and allowed the existing nburcnes to stand, though oo new ones might be built. He erected a wooden mosque \V. of the Sakhrah (Arculf, a.d. 6S0, and JelfU ed-Din. a.d. 1470), and purified the Rock itself. According to Eutychius (^»(ia/«, written not later than a.d. 940), the Christians had built uotliing on the site of the Temple thus accepted by Islam.
The Ommiyah dynasty of Khalifs being estahh'shed at Damascvis, "Abd el-Melek, the 10th Khalif faccontin^ to ail Arab authorities, see Guy le Strange, Pai. under the Mogl^in^), erected a Kuhbeh or ' Dome' over the Sacred Rock in a.d. 68S. The small ' Dome of the Chain ' to the E. is said to have been the model of this building, which originally consisted of a drum supported on arches, and on pillars tom from some earlier Byzantine building, with an outer arcade — octagonal, and adorned with glass mosaics. These still remain, and the Kuflc text above this outer arcade still preserves the date of building, A.e. 72. Under these Khalifs. and under the great Abbaside dynasty of Baghdad, the relationship of Islam and Christendom was friendly, and HarQn el-Hashid is said to have sent the keys of Jerus., with other presentfl, to Charlemagne, who erected in Jems., E. of the Holy Sepulchre, chapels, and a hospice for Lat. pilgrims (Bernard, /tin.), towards the close of the 8th cent. A.D. The buildings on the site of Oonstantine's Church of the Anaatasis, which Modestus erected as already noticed, and of which Arculf drew a rough plan on a wax tablet for the abbot of lona, appear to have been small separate chapels. The Holy Sepulchre was enclosed in a round church. Calvary was covered by a separate builrling, and a third to the E. replaced the Basilica of Constantine. On the S. was a chapel of St. Mary, and N. of Calvary a chapel of the 'Prison of Christ,' In the early part of the 9th cent, the patriarch Thomas restored the dome over the round church (Eutychius, Ann. a.d. 813-833), and these buildings remained uninjured during the rule of the Abbasides.
But in A.D. 969 Jema. fell under the power of the Shia'h Khalif of Egypt, Mue'z (see Gibbon, ch. lii.), and in a.d. 1010 Hakem, the crazy and fanatical Eg\'p. Khalif. ordered the destruction of the chapels by fire OVill. Tyre. i. 4). Through the influence of the Byzantine emperor, Conslantine Mononiachus. thev were restored in a.d. 1048 by the patriarch Nicephorus. but tlie new builiiifigs, which existed when tlie Crusaders took Jerus., were small and poor OViH. Tyre, i. 6, viii. 3). They were similar to those of Modestus, but included a chapel of St. Marj' N. of the Bepulctue, aoi three chapels of St. John, Holy Trinity, and '
St. James (which still remain), to the S. The cave under the site of Constanline's Basilica, which is covered by a dome restr Ing on clumsy Byzantine pillars, dating perhaps from the time of Modestus, was shown as the 'Chiipel of St. Helena,' and as the place where the Cross was mimeuiously discovered.
The hiHtory of the Temple enclosure is traced during this earlier Moslem age by inscriptions, and by Uio later Arab hi>t<>rit's. In A.D. 728 a cupola was erected over the Aksu Mosque (Justinian's Church of St. Uury), and this building was injureii by earthquake about a.d. 768-775, but restored soon after by the Khahf el-Mahdi. In a.d. 831 the Khulif el-MamOa restored the Dome of the Rock, and apt>arentty enclosed it in the present octagonal outer wall. The oeautiful bronze gates of this wall bear the above date (a.ii. 216). The beams on the old roof resting on the wall alwo l)ear a date answering to A.D. 013. In A.D. 1016 an earthquake partly destroyed the dome, and the mosaics were repaired in a.d. 1027 as stated in their hiscriptions. The present wood-work of the dome was erected in a.d. 1022- In a.d. 1000 the roof of the Aksa fell and was repaired.
The decreasing power of the Arab race, and the rise of the Seljuk Turks, led to the attack on Jems, by Isar el-At^is, a Turcoman general, who drove out the Egyptians in a.d. 1077, wben 3(X)0 of the inhabitants are said to have been slain (Will, of Tyre, i. 6). The cruelty of the Turkish rulers was the immediate cause of the first Crusade, when reported by Peter the Hermit after his visit to Jerus. in a.d. 1094. The number of pilgrims hat! been steadily increasing since about a.d. 1000, when the Amalfl merchants founded the hospice of St. John Eleemon, on the site apparently of that of Charlemagne. While the great contest raged round Antioch, the Egyptians took advantage of the absence of Turkish forces in the N., and seized Jerus. in 1098, expelling the Turcomans after a siege of 40 days. They then rebuilt the walls a few months belore the anuy of Goflfrey appeared from the plains (Will. Tyre, vii. 19). The Crusaders encamped on the N. and W., and subsequently extended on the S.W. After forty days of desperate struggle, the city fell on Iftth July 1099 (Will. Tyre, viii. 6), and a terrible nix*isacre followed. No sooner was the feudal system established in Pal. than extensive building operations began. About a.d. 1103 a new cathedral to cover the chapels of Nicephorus^ already described — was commenced (Saswulf, Itin. ; Will. Tyre, viii. 3), and by a.d. 1140 the Church of St. Mary the Great was built S. of the cathedral. In a.d. 1136 the new buildings in the Temple Area, and the new decorations of the Dome of the Rock, then callcvd Templum Domini, were finished after 20 years of work, a chapter of canons having been established in a.d. 1112 (Will. Tyre, viii. 3). The city increased in prosperity for half a cent., and was filled with churches and palaces, many of which remain almost intact. For eighty years it was never besieged, and its walls fell into decay, until the increasing dangers of the Lat. kingdom led to their being renewed in a.d. 1177(Will, Tyre, x>u. 25). But, alter the fatal defeat at Hatlin, the Franks in Jems, were besieged by Saladin, and surrendered, escaping atiy massacre, in a.d. li87. Saladin reconverted the Temple ericlo.sure into a Ilaram or 'sacred' Moslem sanctuary, and two years later restored and regilt the Dome of the Rock, as shown by an inscription in the dome itself. In a.d. 1192 he repaired the city walls to oppose Richard Lion Heart, and from his time downwards the Egyp. and Turkish rulers have added constantly new buildings in the area, with minarets, etained-glass windows, and other details, which it is impossible here to notice fully.