from the great gate Nicanor to the Wi)men'» Court. These gates were Hanked by chambers, — those for salt. Tor the high ])riest's bath and foi washing, beinj; on the N.; those for wood, for the drawwell ana the 'Chamber of Hewn Stone' where the Sanhedrin sat, being on the S. of the Priest-s' Court. The four chambers of Moked were for the lamb of the daily sacrifice (on S.W.), for the shewbrcad (on S.E. ), for the stones of the old altar taken down by Judas Maccaba'us (on N.E.), and for washing, with a descent to the north passage. In the corners of the Women's Court were four chambers, — that of the Nazirites on S.E., that where the wood for the altar was kept on N.E., that of the lepers on N.W., and that for oil on the S.W. I'he two chambers flanking Nicanor were for the vestment keeper and the pancake maker. Musical instruments were kept in the chambers under tlie narrow walk called the ' Court of Isr.,' which was divided from the Priests' Court by a railing, near which was a pulpit whence they addressed tlie people. The Court of Isr. was apparently 2J cubits lower than the level of the Priests' Court. The sorei; was reached by three gates, on the N., S., and E. of the ^\^olnen'8 Court, and was a lattice-work fence. The limit of 500 cubits square was marked by the /c/tel ( ' rampart ' or ' terrace '), which was 10 cubits wide, and reached apparently by other steps ( Wars, v. V. 2). The gates of the outer walls (or ' Mountain of the House '), namely, the two Huldah Gates on the S., the Parbar Gates and Kipunos ('descent') on the W., with Tadi on the N., have been already noticed. On the E. was the gate Shushan, the position of which is doubtful. The outer cloisters, aloni; the rampart walls, were double except on the S. , where the royal cloister is described by Jo.s. as having three walks, with 162 pillars, e.acli about 6 ft. in <liameter {A7>t. XV. xi. 5). The walks were 30 ft., 45 ft., and 30 ft. wide, and this measurement (in Gr. ft.) agrees closely with the width and position of the existing Tyropccon Bridge, which has a breadth of 50 ft., ancl an arch 41 ft. 0 in. span. The pillars as described are of about the size of those still standing in the vaulted chamber of the Double (or W. Huldah) Gate, and the epistylia would have been about 22 ft. — the cloister stretching to the present S.E. angle of the yaram. This gives a very natural inter- columniation of 2^ diameters. 'The pillars were 27 ft. high according to Josephus. These details, taken — except when otherwise stated — from the Tract Midduth of the Mishna, agree with the more general description by Jos., except in some eases as regards measurements, where the account of the Kabbis — some of whom had seen the Temple standing, and had been able to measure its niins— is to be preferred to one wTitten in Italy. No difficultj' IS found in understanding this account, or in fitting plan and section to the ground, if the Temple is placed opposite the summit of Olivet, on the 'topmo.st plateau' of the hill.
VII. Modern Jerusalem. — Within the last twenty years Jerus. has so largely increased in size and population, on account of Jewish and European settlers building houses outside the walls, that the most recent plans give little idea of the city. The Mount of Olives is covered with houses, and a considerable suburb has sprung up N. of the Damascus Gate. On the W. the Jewish cottages stretch more than a mile from the Jaffa Gate (in the W. wall), and many ^-illas, standing in gardens, reach from W. of the Russian hospice to the vicinity of Birket Mamilla. On the S other houses, and a German settlement, stand ok the high ground S. of the Hinnom Valley. On the S.W. is the railway station. The population has increased from 20,000 souls (including Chrw-
VOL. II. Map 4.
FROM THE ORDNANCE SURVEY
Sralf of *i mU
TIw UuO.RFl^ ^'•—^ afilt>>«l llM'll
JERUSHA
JESHISHAI
60i
tians, Moslems, and 8000 Jews) to between 40,000 and 50,000 souls, the Jews having increased to about 30,000 in all. In 1838 there were only 3000 Jews in the city. It is beyond the present purpose to describe the modern city (see Baedeker's Guide), but the above-mentioned changes are too remark- able to pass unnoticed.
LiTBHATVRK.— The lit. of the subject woald form a vol. bj- it8t:lf, liut the pro;;res9 of Bcientiflc Btudy lias rendered obsolete most of- the works written before A.l). 1833. The generally accepted views as to the topography, which have been given above, are substantially in accord with the conclusions of Dr. E. KoliinsoD (BHP, 1838 and 1852, 2nd ed. 8 vols. 1856). The work of Sir 0. Warren, and of the present writer, down to 1883, U detailed in the Jerus. vol. of 5H'/*. The later explorations, to I6!l8, are detailed in PKySl, 1883-88, and in Bliss and Dickie's Excamtiani at Jeruaaletn. 1808. The Ord. Surv. Notes by Sir C. W. Wilson, 1866, give valuable accounts of the antiquities then known. The works of de VogiJ6 (E'jliset de la Terre Sainte, 1860, and Le Temple de Jerug. 18t>3) are standard authorities for the later periods. The Uyzant. and 12th cent, topography is to be studied in the series issued by the Pal. Pilgrims Text* Soc., esp. in the valuable tract, dating after A.D. 1187, called La Citez de Jhm^usal^n. It is also discussed In 5ir/*. The views advocated by Sir O. W. Wilson are de- tailed In Smith's DB^. The mo<iem city la fullv described by Dr. A. Socin in Baedeker's Ilaiuiltook to Pal. and Syria.