W. R. Smith {Kinship and Marriage, 218, RS'', 42 a. 4) proposes to identify Jeush with the Arabian lion-god Jaghflth, of whose name he declares that it is ' the exact phonetic equivalent.' This is favoured by Wellhausen (Reste', 22) and Nnldeke [ZDMG, 1886, p. 168); but Lagarde (Mittlicd. ii. 77, Bildung der Nomina, 133), followed by Dilluiann {Gen(xi.f, ad loc), objects on the ground, amongst others, that the LXX 'leovt points to ' and not gh in Arabic (see Gray, Heb. Proper Names, 109).
JEUZ (pv;). — The eponym of a Benjamite family,
1 Ch 8">. See Genealogy.
JEW, JEWS (Heb. "H.t, o-n.-r (Kethibh D"-n.r), Aram. K;'3'n;, J'x'i'n;, 'lovSaiof, strictly = persons be- longing to Judah). — In Jeremiah, the earliest writer employing the term whose date is certain, it is found without (32") or with implied contrast to others (40"-" Moabites, 38" 4P 52=8- w, cf.
2 K 25» Chaldjeans, 44' Egyptians). Curiously (unlike the earlier phrase, ' men of Judah,' e*-)* .-i-ii'i; IS 11' etc., or '• TJX 2 S 2*) it is never found in contrast to persons of the N. King- dom (2 K 16° is a more apparent than real exception, for though the 'Jews' spoken of do, in fact, belong to the S. Kingdom (14*^), yet they are contrasted with Syrians [MT] or, rather, Edomites). It seems, therefore, to have been scarcely used until the kingdom of Judah was the one existing Heb. kingdom. This change would make it the more easy for 'Jew' to be employed as a synonym of 'Hebrew' (Jer 34'), ami lor the language common to N. and S. Pal. to be called 'Jewish' (n-iin; 2 K 18»-« || 2 Ch 32", cf. Neh 13"). Althouf;h those who inhabited Jems, and Judah were still regarded for a time as having a special right to the title (Neh 1^ 6°), yet it fecame the national name of the people of Israel in contrast to Gentiles (Neh 4» [" AVI 5», Zee 8^, Dn 3», Est 2», and often ; cf. 1 Mac 8"- " tA Myos t«» 'Iov5<jJ.uv).
JEWEL
JEWRY
t55
Joseplius is therefore not far wrong when he says, iK.Xi)9riaaii oi t6 ii'o^o ^{ ^s ^^^pas avifi-riaav iK
tU iKelvovs TOifS Titvovt, avToi re Kai ij x^P^ '^^ Trpo- criyopias airrri! /uriXajior {Ant. XI. V. 7). Josephiis also quotes a passage from Clearchus, wliicli speaks of his master Aristotle deliiiitely using the word ' Jew ' ; but as he only says that it is derived from Judiea, the country that the Jews inhabit, it is doubtful whether he uses the term in the merely local or the national sense (c. Ap. i. 22). p"urtlier, though nowhere exjiressly applied to members of the Ten Tribes (Monlecai as belonging; to Benjamin would readily be called 'Jew'), yet, in view of the wide area over which ' Jews ' are said to be scattered in Est Q"''", it seems impossible to believe but that when the Book of Esther was written the term included them.
In Nell 2'* (and so also, perhaps, 5", but not 5', cf. 5") 'the Jews' are distinguished from the priests, the nobles, the princes (sigiinim), and ' the rest that did the work,' and seeui to mean the middle classes, which were, perhajis, then, as in NT times, the most zealous for Judaism. The term occurs as denominative of Gentiles adopting Judaism in Est 8".
In NT J. is generally used in contrast to Gentiles {e.g. Jn 2* Ac 14'), Samaritans (Jn 4'), or prose- lytes (Ac 2'°), i.e. it = Jews both in race and religion (cf. also Jn 4--). It is more natural in the mouth of Gentiles than Jews (Mt 2^ cf. Lk 23" spoken by Roman soldiers with || Mt 27*^, Mk 15^^ by the high priests). In Jn it specially denotes the typical representatives of Jewish thought contrasted with believers in Christ whatever their nationality and stage of belief, or with other Jews of less pro- nounced opinions (e.g. Jn 3^ ' a Jew,' 6'" 7" 9-, see more fully Westcott, St. Jnhn, Introd. I. 1. i. o. 7.). In Gal 2" it refers to Christians of Jewish race (cf. St. Paul, 'a Jew, a man of Tarsus,' Ac 21^"). Lk 23" (' Arimathiea, a city of the Jews') perhaps means that Ar. was in Judtea, not Samaria or Galilee, For a similar use of the adj. cf. Mk 1°, Jn a-". In Ro 2^- -^ (cf. Rev 2» 3») with ref. to ideal Jews who correspond to God's call and choice. In Gal !"• '♦ St. Paul speaks of the 'Jews' religion,' and the same expression (Gr. 'Ioii5aiff/iis) occurs also in 2 Mac 8' (cf. 2-' 14»«).
Jewess (i,nr:'ri 1 Ch 4'*). — ' And his wife the Jewess,' RV (' Jehudijah,' AV), i.e. perhaps of the tribe of Judah, but perhaps in the widest sense (see above), esp. if she is contrasted with Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh, who was, as it seems, Mered's other wife.
In NT Timothy's mother is said to be a believing Jewess, but his father a Greek (Ac 16'). In Ac 24** Urusilla the wife of Felix is called a Jewess. In both cases there is no thought of the tribe.
Jewish (nMi.T, 'lovSaurri). — Of the languajje of the Inhabitants of Jems, in time of Uezekiah (2 K IS""- " II Is 36"- >», cf. 2 Ch 32"i) and of Nehemiah (Nell IS'*) J in both cases contrasted with that of non-Isr. nations. In the time of Hez. this was quite, and in that of Nehem. almost, certainly Hebrew. In Tit 1" '.Jewish fables' proh. = Ilagijaduth, by which Jewish tcachem popularized tlieir philo- sophical speculations. A. LUKYN Williams.