• In 2 3 20« the MT and I,XX Imvp AInxhai, Imt S.vr. h.Ts Joa6, and thf latter rendinp is tido|>tcd Uy Tlifiiius, Welih., Driver, Ktttfl, L.ohr. On ttie ntlii-r hand, IliHicIc. in hiH notes to ttie Itks. of Sum. in Haupt's Sacrfd IJkn. of OT (p. O;',), considers Mmt MT is correct, and that the narrative is perfectly intelli^'itjle upon this assiiinption. * As the new eonnnander-in-chie( Aniasft left him in the lurch. David was ohliged to make use of J.'s •enr'ices, hut hia (iit:tiity as kinn would not poruiit the acknow- led^nent of this tjy an inuuediate reinstatement. By charj;inif Alii.slmi his hrolher with the conmiis.<(ii>ri he makes sure that J. wilt not remain liehind, and the latterwiUin^'ly Joins the expedi- tion as a volunteer, in onh-r to ]tut the kiln; under new (ililira- tions to himself. The fact thu* he takes the leadersliip into his own lionds is so much a mattci of couru tiut it doe« Dot need 10 b« mcQtioDed.*
reversion of the office of commander-in-chief foi himself (1 K2^-'"). Ace. to 1 K2'-'- Solomon, in the execution of .J., acted in obedience to the dying injunction of David. Wellh. and Stade hold, how- ever, that this passage is an unhistorical inter- polation. The hand of the Deuteronomic redactor ia certainly evident in v.^, but Hudde (liicht u. Sam. 2()3f.), following Kuenen, defends the antiquity (without committing himself to the historicity) oi at least vv.»-».
The character of J. h,as often been unfairly estimated, either from lack of a due regard to the spirit of the age in which he lived, or from pre- judice in favour of David and Solomon. The least that can be said is that he was a man of far-seein" statesman-like views, a brave soldier, a skilful commander, and a loyal subject. Even his assassi- nation of Abner and Amasa, so repellent to us, could plead as excuse, in the one case the supposed duty to avenge his brother's death, and in the other the gross injustice of David in depriving him of his command. The Oriental is not usually dis- tinguished for generosity to his enemies or scrupu- lousness in his methods of revenge, and J. was no exception to this rule ; but his action on the.se two occ.T-ions must not blind us to the splendid services he rendered to liis country. Without him David was like Ferdinand without Wallenstein. No doubt, like the last-named great general, J. made the most of his knowledge that he was indispens- able, and thus in the end was able to obtain his own terms from his master. One thing he had re- solved ujioii, that as he .alone was ht for the post, he alone must command David's army. ' Wallen- stein war Niclits wo er nicht Alles war, er muss entwedor gar nieht oder mit vollkommener Frei- heit handeln ' (Schiller). This determination to brook no rival, combined with the low moral standard of the age, will suffice to explain the most questionable episodes in the career of the Wallenstein of Israel. J.'s conduct all through the Absalomic rebellion reflects the greatest credit upon his foresight. It is needless to otler any apology for his killing of Absalom, an act that was pardonable because nece.ssary. Nor is it possible, as we have explained already, to convict him of treason because at first he supported Adonijah. T;iking everything into account, we feel that this great man deserved a better fate, and it leaves a painful impression upon us when we learn that, after he had served his king and his country so faithfully, his grey hairs were not suffered to go down to "the grave in peace.
2. {'lui^a^ Bl, 'Iud/3 A).— The son of Seraiah, a descendant of Judah, and father 'of the valley of Charashim' (AV), or 'of (the inhabitants of) the valley of craftsmen' (AVm), or 'of Ge-Harashim' (KV), or 'of the valley of craftsmen (KVm), 1 Ch 4", cf. Neh 11". See Ge-Harashiw. 3. ('Iw/Sd/S, 'lud^). — The name of a family which returned from exile with Zerubbabel and tzri- ,Ezr 2"= Neh 7", Ezr 8', 1 Es 8"). J. A. Seldie.
JOACHAZ (A'lwxaf. B'Ifxoi'fat). 1 Esl«(LXX'^l. — Jehoahaz the son of Josiah ; ef. 2 Ch :W. U and the Vulgate {Jcchonias) are in agreement with Mt 1" in omitting the short reign of Jehoahaz.
JOADANUS (A 'ludSavor, B *IiiJo»'os), 1 Es 9".—
One of the .sons of Je.sus, the son of Josedek, the
riest. Tho corresponding name in Ezr 10" '\i
JliDAUAII.
JOAH (nij^' 'J" is brother').—!. Son of .■\saph. the 'recorder' at Hezckiah'a court, 2 K is"-"-^ = Is 30'- "•■•". 2. A Levitical family name, 1 Ch 6^ (apparently same as Ethan of v."), 2 Ch 29". 3.
660
Jt^AHAZ
JOB, BOOK OF
A Le\-it€, son of Obed-edom, 1 Ch 26«. 4. Son of Joahaz, the ' recorder ' at Josiah's court, 2 Ch 3iK
JOAHAZ (iijv'i")-— The father of Joah, the 're- corder' in the reign of Josiah, 2 Ch 34'. See also Jeuoahaz.
JOAKIM ("Iuok/^ or -etii, LXX form of c-p."^'';) — The name is spelt Jehoiakim in canon, books, hut Joacini or Joachim in .•Vpocr. AV, and Joakim everywhere in Apocr. KV.
In Apoer. the name belongs to six persons.
1. Kin" .lehoiakim, son of Josiah, father of .Icconiali (IJar 1»). I Es I" follows L.XX of 2 Ch 3(j' in saving that he was carried in copper chains to Ilat)ylon. This is in apparent, but not ho|ieles.s, diserejinncy with 2 K 24'- ' and Jer 22"' 36". 2. .lehoiiicliin, son of Jehoiakim, who is crroneou.'ily called Joakim in I Es 1", and is said to have reigned after his father 3 months and 10 days. 3. A priest, son of Hilkiah, to whom the captives of B.C. ,597 are said, in Bar 1', to have sent monej* for the purchase of oll'erings and incense. The Gr. says that the money was 'sent to J. the priest {Tie Uo^a), and to the priests (irpis Tout ifMis).' Hence KV renders Up^a, ' the high priest. No high priest of this name, how- ever, IS mentioned in Scripture, and it is therefore better with Zcickler to regard J. as the second priest, invested with the duties of overseer or treasurer of the temple, as Pashhur (Jer 20') is called chief ollicer in the hou.se of J " ; and as Zejihaniah, a son of Hilkiah and brother of Seraiah who succeeded his father, was promised to be ofliccr in the temple (Jer 29-°), and was afterwards ' second jiriest ' (Jer 52^). It is rea.sonable to suppose that Zephaniah was J.'s succes.sor as sagan, or second jiriest. 4. A high priest, who, in the days of Holofernes and Judith, when the people of Judaea were ' newly come up from captivity,' is sail!, as head of the Senate, to have directed military afl'airs, by commanding the inhabitants of Bethulia to occupy the northern passes (Jth 4"'- "), and at the same time to have led the people in devout suiudication in the temple, clad in sack cloth, and with ashes on his mitre (Jth 4"- "). 5. A jiriest, son of Zorobabel, mentioned among the returning exiles in the reign of Darius (1 Es 5°). 6. The husband of Susanna, a wealthy Jew in Babylon. Tlie rooms of his mansion were used for the administration of justice among the Jews ; and ace. to Syr. W.^, for the Synagogue. The horrid calumny concocted by the two lascivious elders came on J. as a terrible blow, and, when Daniel solved the mystery, J. joined with Susanna's relatives in singing praises that no dishonour was found in her (Sus ^). W, stands alone in saying that J. died shortly after marriage, and that Susanna was a pious 'widow when her trial came.