J. T. Marshall.
JOANAN Cluiawip WH, 'Iwavva TR, AV Joanna). — An ancestor of Jesus, Lk 3".
JOANNA Claiva WH, 'luina TR), the w-ife of Chuza, the steward of Herod Antipas. She was one of ' certain women which had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities' (Lk 8'-'). Thus bound to Jesus by the tie of gratitude, J. ministered to Him of her substance, and after the crucifixion was one of the company that went to the tomb to anoint the body of the Lord (Lk 8' 24").
JOANNES ('lojrfwi;?, AV Johannes).—!. (B -drm) 1 Es S^* son of Akatan, in Ezr 8" JOHANAN.
2. 1 Es 9=^ son of Bebai, in Ezr 10=8 Jehohanan.
JOARIB (■Iuop(e);;3, 'Ia>op(e)/;t), 1 Mac 2' 14», Jos. Ant xil. v\. 1, the head of the priestly family
from which the Maccabees were descended. Aco. to 1 Ch 24' this family, there called that ol Jkhoiahib (wliich see), was Uie lirst of the twenty four courses of priests.
JOASH (B'lj'i').— 1. Father of Gideon, a native of Ablezer (Jg 6" 8^). Notwithstanding Gideon's modest language (6"), J. must have been the moat important person in his town ('one of the principal ]ier.-oiis of the tribe of Munusseh,' Jos. Ant. V. vi. 2) : he had more than ten servants (6"), and hs was guardian of the local sanctuary of Baal. It niiiy be reasonably sup|)osed that the deuionstrated impotence of Baal to protect his altar and the A.slierah, coupled with love for his son, revived strongly in the mind of J. a conviction of the unique power of J", which found utterance in that sarcastic address to the Abiezrites which recalls the mockery of Elijah on a like occa.sion, and wliich received a lastin" memorial in the name Jerubliaal by which Gideon was known in latei times (1 S 12'", 2 8 U^i).
2. A son of Ahab to whose custody, and that of Anion, governor of Samaria, Ahab committed Micaiah on his departure for Itamoth - gilead (I K 22-»=2 Ch IS^s). J. was probably left behind as his father's viceroy. Kawlinson suggests that here and in 2 Ch 28' ' king's son ' means a state officer ; cf. Jer 36-" 3S«. 3. A de.scendant of Shelali, son of Judali, 1 Ch 4''". Vv.''-^ are very obscure (see QPB). 4. (="^1') A Benjamite, son of Beclier, 1 Ch 7". 5. A Benjamite warrior who joined David at Ziklag, 1 Ch 12". 6. (i^iv) One of the comp- trollers of David's private estate. He was over ' the cellars of oil,' 1 Ch 27^. N. J. D. White.
JOB, BOOK OF.— In mod. edd. of the Heb. Bible, the third in order of the books called Kethubim in the Jewish Canon. Its place, however, has varied ; in the Talm. order it stands between Ps and Pr ; Jerome places it before both. In the Greek Canon the division of books is for the most part according to subject-matter. After the historical books follow Ps, Pr, Ec, Ca, Job (this is order in B) ; succeeded by Wis, Sir, and other extra-canonical hooks. Job, together with the canonical books of Pr and Ec, and the apocr. books Sir and Wis, belongs to what is called the Ilnkhmnh or Wisdom-Literature of the Old Covenant, and forms its crown and clima.x. This article will deal severally with the Name of the book, its Contents, its Form, its Text, its Integrity, its Scope and Purpose, its Date and Authorsliip, and the History ot its Exegesis.
i. Name. — Heb. zvk, Gr. 'IiJ/3, 'Ji/j/ob, misrepre- sented in the usual Eng. pronunciation. In a post- script to the LXX (not found in Aq. or Symm., and in Theod. only in part). Job is confu.sed with the Iduuiajan king Jobab, mentioned in Gn 30™. The sentence runs : ' This man is described in the Syriac book as living in the land of Ausis, on the borders of Idumrea and Arabia ; and his name before was Jobab, and haWng taken an Arabian wife, he begot a son whose name was Ennon.' By a further confusion in the name Zopd (Gn 36^), Job's descent from Esau is inferred. The traditions embodied in this postscript are followed in the Koran, but are wholly untrustworthy. (For additional traditions concerning Job, see Koran, Suras 38, 40, also Sura 21 ).
The derivation of the name is doubtful, and the attempts to give to it a significance drawn from etymology are very questionable. It has been taken (Ges. and otners) as a passive form from root 2-K, meaning ' one persecuted ' by Satan, oi by his friends, or by calamity. Cf. li'?: from t^'. But this form is never purely passive (Volck, p. 6). Others (including Ewald and Delitzsch) explain after the analogy of Arab. aurwAb, as from root
JOB, BOOK OF
JOB, BOOK OF
661
3'K, ' the penitent one, resipiA'ccyis, or iiious, ever turning' to God. The latter exjilanation is favoured by Uitzig and Cberne (see his Job and Solumon, p. 62 and note).
The name of Uz (pv) as the country in which Job lived is not of much assistance in determining his personality. The name is given to a son of Aram in Gn 10^, to a son of Nahor Gn 22=^' (KV, in AV Huz), and to a grandson of Seir Gn 36-*. This last pas.sage, joined with Jer 25^ and the mention of Uz in connexion with Edom in La 4-', points to a district E. or S.E. of Palestine, N. of Arabia, and adjacent to Edom. The LXX, quoted above, probably embodies a prevalent tradition ; another tradition, traced out by Wetzstein (see Delitzsch, Cumm., Appendix), points to the district of the Uauran. Er. Delitzsch, judging from certain cuneiform inscriptions, fixes upon a district near Palmyra for the site of Uz, whilst some view the names both of place and hero as symbolical only. The names Bene-kedem, 'chil- dxen of the East' (1'), 'Temanite,' and to a less extent ' Shuhite ' and ' Naamathite,' may be held to confirm the general indications of locality men- tioned above. (See Uz).