JONAM
JONATHAN
753
iv. Other OccunnENCES of the Name Jonah. — Tlie iwiiiie 'luras is found in OT Apocnjjilia not only in To li*- * and 3 JIac 6' (see above, p. 74'J'), but also in 1 Es 9'- (B) '^ (see JoNAS, Nos.2.3). In NT it occurs in Mt 12»»-" 16', Lk ll*"- » ; Bapiui-a in Mt 16", 'luii-o in Jn l** 21", but in these last two passages the readinj; ' lu6.ti(ii)ou has strong evidence in its favour. See John (Father of Simon Peter).
LiTERATURi.— (^) Trztual CRITICISM. — Tbe Tarpim on JonaJt, with Bupmlinear punctuation, may be found in Merx' CUrMtomalhia Targumica, 1897, pp. 133-139; Karl Vollere, Diu Dodekapropheton der A Uxandnner, 1B80, and in 2^ 7" If iiL iliS., iv. 1 ft.; J. Z. Schuurmanna St«khoven, Ve AUxandrijn- Kh« vertaliruj van hel DudeJiaprophetorij Leiden, lb37 ; M. Sebolc, DU Sur. Ceberutzung d. l!wS{f kl. Froph., 1887 ; W. WriRht, Jonah in Chald., Sur., JiUt., and Arab., 1857 ; F. Perles, Analek(en l. Textkritik d. AT, 1895, p. 12.
(B) Literary CRiTicisii.—\i. Bohme, ' Die Oompo*. d. Buchea Jona' io ZATW, 1887, pp. 224 ff.; the Einleitungen in d. AT o( Eichhora 1825f., August! 1827, Uiivcrnick 1841, de <!Vette-Schrader 1808, Keil 1873, Bleelc-WelUuuKQ 1878, Vatke 1S36, Bielim 1889, ReuBs 1890, Kaulen 1892, Kuenen 1892, (:d. Konig 1893, Oomill 189«, Driver 1897, Strack 1898 ; Hamburger, RE; Riebm, UWB (art. • Jona' by Oustav Baur) ; PUK^ vii.; i. Herzfeld, (ietch. It. L 278 ; M. Vemea, Pricit d' hiitoirt juive, 1881, p. 810; llema.Hut.duimipUa'Jtra^.iii. 61111.; [Kdhler, Kitt«l, Seinecke do not mention the Book of Jonah in their 'Geflchichten Israels'].
(C) COUUKKTARIKS. — Besides the ancient vereiona, the Rabbinical and Church expoeitions, of. RosenmiiUer, Scholia in Vtl. TetL vol. X.; Fn. Kaulen, Liber Jona prophttaexpotUut, 1862; M. Kalisch, Bible Studiet, pt. U. 'The Book of Jonah," 1878; Keil-Delitzsch'B Bib. Comrn. «. AT, 'Die 12 klcinen Propheten"' ; Hitzig.Stciner, Eg.f. fxeg. HdbcL t. d. U. Prnph.* ; Puaey, Minor Prophelt, 1886 ; H. Martin, The Prophet Jonah, 1891 ; V. Orelli In Strack-Zockler's Kg/. Com. 1898 ; Nowock, Handkon. z.d.K kl. Proph. 1897 ; G. A. Smith, 7'he Book o/ tht Twelve PropheU (in the ' Expositor's Bible '), vol. li., 1898.
(/>) iloyooHAFUS especially upon the purpose of the Book of Jonah.— .J. Friedrichsen, Kritische L'eberstcht Ober die- ver- tchiedenen Aneichten ilber Jona, Leipzig, 1841 ; H. H. Kemink, * Overzicht van de geschiedenia der exegese van Jonaa pro- phetie' in Jahrb. voor vxtemchaft. Theot. li. 209 B.; Jiiger, 'Ueber den aittlich-religiosen Zweck des Buchea Jona,' in Zeitach./. Theot., 1840, pp. 35 ff.; Biehm in SE, 1802, pp. 413ff.; Alb. Rcbattu, De libri Jona tenUntia theologiea, Jena, 1875 ; A. E. O'Connor, £:tude 8ur le livre de Jonae, Gleneva, 1S83 ; Trumbull, ^OTioA in Nineveh, Philadelphia, 1892; John Ken- nedy, On the Book o/ Jonah, London, 1S95 ; Benedict Wolf, Die Getch. d. Proph. Jona, nach einer Kamchuniechen [Arabico- Syriflchen] Uandtchri/t, herausgegeben u. ertautert, Berlin, 1897. This writing waa discovered at the end of the I3th cent, in the library of TJbcdJesu (Aasemani, BiblioL Orient, ill. i. p. 285 ;
Wolf, p. 39X Ed. Konig.
JONAH ('lui-d/i WH, 'luyir TR, AV Jonan).— An ancestor of Jesus, Lk 3*>.
JONAS.— 1. (B 'luKot, A 'luardv, AV Joanan), lEs 9' the son of Eliasib (B NaVa/Sos), to whose chamber (irooro^ipiov) Esdras betook hiiusclf to
mourn over the foreign marriages contracted by the people. In Ezr 10« called Jehohanan ; cf. Neh 12=* JOHANAN. 2. (A 'lu^-at, B 'luai-as) 1 Es
9". The name corresponds to Eliezer in the parallel list of Ezr 1(P. A link between the two forms is given by the Vulg. Elionas ; "j'V'Sk was perhaps read for -iivSk, as was done in 1 Es 9''^ (cf. Ezr 1(^'), the former name o( earring in the previous verse of Ezr. Elionaa was then corrupted to Jonas. 3. {Jonas) 2E» 1^. The prophet Jonah. H. St. J. Thackeray.
JONATHAN (ICiAt, ir;^' ' J" hath given ' ; comp. Theodore) is a proper name met with from the time of the Jud;;L's downwards.
1. A Levito mentioned in a supplement to the Book of Judges (chs. 17. 18),* an adventurer through wliom the iclolatruus worshii) in Dan was estab- lished, and from whom the Danite priesthood was descended. The narrative in which he figures has a threefold interest, ina.smuch as it throws light on the gradual conquest of Canaan, illustrates the low state of religion in the post-Mosjiic age,
* The great value and antiquity of the lubatanre of these two ehapU>r« is generally admitted by orltlca. Buddo'a attempt to dittentanglo two fndcf>endent narrative*, of which the chief Is J. is approvwd by Cornill. disnpprovrd by Wcllh. and Kucntn, an I quc.ili'ned by Drivir {.LlJ'l^ p. 10s). VOU II. — A&
and involves the sanctuary of Dan in di.scrudit by tracing its institution to fraud, violence, and per- sonal ambition.
This degenerate priest is described as the son of Gershom, the son of Manasseh (18*"). The Heb. text, however, indicates that the n in Munusieh is an interpolation (n^p), and that the ancestor's name, aa remembered in the Jewish tradition, should be read Moses. From Bethlehem of Judah the youth went forth to push his way in the world (17^), and first hired himself as house priest to Alicah the Ephraimite for a wage of ten pieces of silver with food and raiment (v.'") — and tliis though Micah's household cult heid the double taint that he made use in worship of agraven and a molten im.-ige (v.-"), and that these images had been procured from stolen money ( V.'). ( Ewald, with support from LXX, thinks the money was originally got by trading). While living with Micah he was accosted by live Danite spies, who had been sent out by their straitened tribe to explore the northern states ; and after consulting the oracle he promised the blessing of God upon their enterprise (18'"'). The spies discovered at Laish a large and rich land and a people secure (v.'"), and on hearing their report an armed band of 600 Danites marched northward to the easy conquest (v."). Arrived at Mount Ephraim, they halted at Micai's dwelling, and, while the troop held the priest in converse, the spies entered the ' house of God ' and carried off the costly furni- ture of the idolatrous worship (v."). It was an easy matter to induce the priest to acquiesce in the robbery, and to accompany them on their expedi- tion. 'Go with us,' they said, 'and be to us a father and a priest : is it better for thee to be priest unto the house of one man, or to be priest unto a tribe and family in Israel'? (v.'"). Slicah pursued the predatory band, but his follow- ing was too weak to engage them (v.^). The ex- pedition was successful; and the priestly line founded in Dan by J. continued ' until the captivity of the land ' (v.""). The preservation of the story is doubtless due to the fact that it lent itself to the purposes of the prophets of the Assyr. period in their opposition to the cult practised in Dan and Bethel.