t Ttie sign agreed on was that he should attack only if the Philistines invited him to come up. This, it has been pointed out, was not arbitrary, as their refusing to come down indicated want of courage. There is some force in St.aHe'8 objection to this feature, that to h&U the garrison was to put them on their ruard, and thus endanger the chance of succeM.
of J. for David is represented as of sudden growth — its birthday the day wlien they first met after the slaying of Goliath (1 S IS'-"). The intensity of his love ia described in the language of the strongest of passions : he loved David as his own soul (V.'), pa.ssing the love of women (2 S 1-"") ; and in tlie parting scene it finds expression in an out- burst of true Oriental vehemence : they kissed one another, and wept one with another until David exceeded (1 S 20''). Of its spirit, disinterested- ness is the merest negative description : not only had J. nothing personally to gain from David, but he was reminded by Saul tliat hu had every- thing to lose (1 S 2(>"). The friendly services of J. were his first intercession with Saul on David's behalf (I S 19'''), and liis later interposition, as it appeared at the risk of his own life, by wliicli ha discovered his father's settled purjjose, and con- veyed to David a warning to flee from the court (1 S 20). The mutual confidences are frank and full. And, to supply the crowning grace of con- stancy, there is recorded a last stolen interview in a wood in the wilderness of Ziph, where J., seeking out the friend from whom he had been so long parted by his father's wrath, strengthened his hand in God (1 S23").* The relations of J. with Saul reveal essentially the same strong and aflectionate character. Of their close association in all weighty business, and of their strong mutual aflection, there are various direct and indirect testimonies (1 S Ul' 20-). Against this may be set Saul's later suspicion that J.'s friendship with David was of the nature of a consj)iracy (22") — the design being to set him aside in favour, either of David, or, as is much more likely, of J. himself. But while it is tjuite credible tliat David, in view of the danger to the realm of a half-insane king, may have spoken of the desirability of the fatlier giving way to the son (Stade, Gesch. des Vulkca Israel, i. 242), it is not probable that such a design was matured, or even communicated to Jonathan.
J. fell witli Saul on Mount Gilboa in battle against the Philistines (1 S 31'). At this time the fourth brother (1 Ch 93») was 40 years old (2 S 2'<'), and on this basis of calculation J. may have been between 40 and 50 when he died. If 1 S 13'"' fixes the date of the battle of Michmash, and if Saul reigned nearly 40years thereafter (Ac 13-''), J. cannot have been less than 60 at death, i.e. 30 years older than David (2 S 5*). These data are, however, pre- carious, and it is safer to follow the general impres- sion of the history, and regard him as a contempor- ary of David. His dishonoured corpse was rescued from Beth-shan by the menof Jabesh-Gilead( 1 S 31"). He left a son 5 years old (see MephibO-SHETH).
3. A nephew of David who slew a giant of Gath (2 S 21-'), probably the same as the 'uncle' (?) spoken of as a wise scribe (1 Ch 27*^). i. A son of Abiatliar the priest, who as a courier rendered service to Davitf during Absalom's rebellion (2 S 15"' 86 j-17. 20)^ a^jjj brought to Adonijah the report of Solomon's accession (1 K l*'). S. A scribe in whose house Jeremiah was imprisoned (Jer 37"'' * 38"°). 6. One of the line of the high priests in the 5th cent. (Neh 12")— also called Johanan (12-'), referred to in Neh as introducing a change in the keeping of the genealogical records, and in Jose- phus (Ant. XI. vii. 1) as bringing profanation on the temple by the murder of his brother Jesus within its precincts. 7. One of David's hi/roea (2 S 23''-, 1 Ch n^). 8. One of David's treasurers (1 Ch 27=») (AV Jelionathan). 9. A Levite (Neh 12=»;. 10. The son of Kareah, a Judahite captain after
* The passages bearing on the friendship have been somewhat roughly handled by modem critics. Ch. 20, it is alleged, ia impossible after ch. 191-7, the story of the parting containi contradictory elements (the signal and the interview), the last interview is unhistorical, etc. In any case, David himyl* vouchep (or the main features.
JONATH ELEM REHOKIM
JOPPA
753
the fall of Jems. (Jer 40"), 11. Father of Ebed (Ezr 8'). 12. One of those who ojijjo.sed (UV) or assisted (AV) Ezra in the matter of the foreign niarria-jes (Ezr lO"). 13. A priest (Neh 12"). 14. Jonathan the Maccabee. See .Maccabeks.
W. P. Paterson. JONATH ELEM REHOKIM.— See Psalms.
JOPPA (^e;, i.e. Yapho' in Ezr y k^e; ; 'lirrrTj, 14x7); Arabic Y6fa; modern name Jaffii). — The town is built on a whale-back rise of rocky ground, made consjiieuous by its being the only eminence of the kind along the level sandy beach which extends in a strai^-lit line from Ca^.sarea to Gaza. To vc^els approaching from the north or south, the crest of Jalla i.s the first visible object on the coast-line. On nearer approach the appearance of the town is exceedingly picturesque, the closely clustered houses, with their numerous arches and walls of blue, pink, white, and yellow ochre, rising above each other, and all sparklin" in the brilliant sunlight. In the low-lj-ing CTOund, p.art of which D)ust have once been a marsh, immediately behind the town there are extensive irrigated gardens of orange, apricot, and peach trees, the level mass of deep green foliage being relieved by the tall stems of graceful palm trees. Beyond this, the plain of Sharon, with its rich field.s of wheat and barley, stntches away to where the outline of the Jud;can hills forms the background of the picture.