* Hengstenberg, A eg. u. die Bb. Moae't (1841) ; Knobel (Kgf- Comm. 1852, 1S«0), Ewald (.nist. i. 419 n.); DiUm.; and esp. Ebcra, Acq. «. die Bb. Slottft, 186S (ends with On 4135), and in Smith, DB', t.v. Joseph. See also F. Vigouroux, La Bible el let dicouvertes m<}demes\ 1896, torn. ii. (a full but not very critical compilation) ; and H. G. Tomkine, The Life and Time* 0/ JoKeph (isni).
t Tristram, Nat. Bitt. of the Bible, 393 f., 837 f., 458-460 ; on * balm,' also, above, i. 236.
: Ot., of Pharaoh's house, 41« ; of Joseph's house, 4318- 1» 441- * (where ' steward of his house ' is lit. ' he that was ovrr hit house •) : cf. ' over the house ' (i.e. the palace) in 1 K 46 109 18», 2 K 105 165 1S18. 87 192, Is 2215 (all of the Tnajor domo, or lovemor of the palace, in Isra«l or Judah).
I Eber*, Aeg. 303-3011 ; Ennao, 187 f.
which he repelled : when Anpu returned home in the evening, his wife accused Hata to him fal.sely. Anpu, enraged, at first sought to slay his brother, but in the end he was convinced that he was innocent and had been accused falsely, and he thereupon slew his unfaithful wife.*
40'"- A ' butler,' or ' cupbearer ' (the word in the lleb. is the same, .i;i;f'?, lit. the one giving to drink), was, naturally, not an institution peculiar to Egypt, being found also in Persia (Neli 1", cf. 2'), and elsewhere (cf. otfoxios) : we meet, however, with a very similar title in lists of I'Jgyptian court ollicials ; Cliabas, for instance (ilM. Eg;/pt. 3rd ser. 131 ff. ), publishes such a list, including ' le grand des appartements ou grand supcrieur de la maison' (the major domo, mentioned above), ' le saigneur de bicufs, le boulanger, le cuiseur de mets, le conducteur des controleurs {abu-u), qui go(itent le vin,' etc., the last of whom is considered by Chabas and Ebers to have corresponded to the 'chief of the butlers' here.t In the tomb of Ramses III. ('20 dyn.) there is a representation of a royal bakery, sliowing a number of figures era- ploj'ed in various processes of bread-making, and amongst them one carryin" a tray containing rolls of bread upon his head (v.'^).t A ' superintendent of the bakery,' corresponding to the ' chief of the bakers,' is mentioned by Erman, pp. 105, 187 (cf. E bers, 333 bottom). The custom of squeezing grapes into a cup (v.") is illustrated by Ebers § from a text published by Naville from the temple at Edfu, where it is said that grapes squeezed into water formed a refreshing beverage, wliich was drunk by the king. The birthday of the Pharaoh (v.^"), at least in the Ptolemaic period, as we learn from th« Canopus and Rosetta decrees (B.C. 239 and 195), was celebrated with a great assembly of priests of all grades, and a granting of amnesties to prisoners.!!
In ch. 41 Pharaoh's dreams, both in themselves and in their subject-matter, are appropriate to the country. In Egypt (as in Babylon, and indeed in other ancient countries) much importance was attached to dreams. Thothmes IV., while sleeping under the shadow of the great Sphinx, was com- manded by RS. Harmakhis to clear away the sand by which it was encumbered. A vision of the god Ptah, appearing in a dream, encouraged Merenptah to attack the Libyans. On the ' Dream- stele ' discovered among the ruins of Napata, the ancient capital of Ethiopia, it is related how the Ethiopian Icing, Nflt Amen, saw in a dream two serpents, one on his right hand and the other on his left, which were explained to portend that he would conquer Egypt, and wear on his head the two crowns, of the north as well as of the south.lT Strange nostrums were even in vogue for the pur- pose of obtaining significant dreams.** Egypt is dependent for its fertility upon the annual rising of the Nile : the cow-headed goddess Hat-hor,tT the personification of fruitfulness (with whom Isis,
• The tale is translated in full by Maspero in Let Contet Pop. d» VEgypte anc.'' (1889), 5-82 ; Petrie, Egi/p. Talet (1895), ii 36 ff. : somewhat abridged, in Erman, 878 f. ; the part parallel to the Bibl. narrative in Ebers, Aeg. 311 ff. ; more brietlv in Brucsch, Hist, oj Eg.''- i. 309 ff. (new ed. 1891, 123 f.); Saves, HCM, 209 ff. (from Brugsch) ; Egypt of the Hebrewe, 25 ff. (from Brugsch and Erman).
t On the manufacture and use of wine in Egypt, Eber«, 323- 820; cups and gobleta, 327-329, Erman. 19t>-198: a servant offering wine to a guesl in a goblet, Wilkinson-Birch, L 430 ; several such, at a feast, in The Tomb of Paheri at El Kab (11th Memoir ol Egyp. Explor. Fund), Plate vii., cf. p. 24 f.
fSee Wilkinson-Birch, Aite. Egyptiant (ed. 1878), ii. 84 j Ebers, Aefj. 332 ; or Erman, p. 191 ; the man carrying the tray, also, in M.-Lspero, Davm of Civil. 814.
% Durch Gosen zum Sinai^ (1872), 480; Smith, DS» p. 1796'.
I Ebers, 334-337.
1[ Brugsch, Hitt. (ed. 1891) 200, 814, 406. Cf. Wiedemann Relig. of the Anc. Eg. 265-267 ; Ebers, 321 f. ; Herod, ii. 141.
** Wiedemann, 267 (.