J Erman, 638, 539. The words ' How art thon come, in order to tpj/ out J' (Brugsch, 110) addressed by Seqenen-Ka in Thebes to the messenirers of Apepi, and quoted as parallel to Joseph's question by Brugsch, p. 112, and Tomkine, p. 62, do not, however, appear in the translations of Slaspero Oiecordt End ser. ii. 43, Cmlfs pop. 28.i) and Petrie (i/w!. U. 18), both of which have simply, ' Wliy host thou made this loumey J'
iZeiUchr./. Aeg.Spr.lW;i,-p.^t
I Milarigu, iU. 1, pp. 80, 96, 106 (cf . 91).
portant person in the state, and takes part In Jud.elal Inrestt gallons, etc: see Brugsch. Hut. (1891), 101, S5T, Steinimchri,n, Si: and esp. Diet. UUrogl. v. S7-39, Arr/yptoloyui, p. 225 f., and Ennau, who represents dbu by the peculiar t<;nu Truclisesa, rendered in the Kng. tr. — as badly as {v^ssible — by ' slave p. 105, 1. 11, 10, 7, 6. 4 from bottom, p. 106, 1. 1, 11, 14, 18 by 'vassal,' pp. 131-136, 141, 143, 144 (ct. Z. /. An. Spr. 1S79, pp. 7311., 148 0.), by ' serfs," p. 187 f. (3 times), and by 'vassal' again, p. 475.
•J((<',ii (or Atfn) was the title given to the viceni/ (of the Pharaoh), or the deputy of a governor or otber otilcial (like tht Arab. trotU) : thus we nod of the idon of a city, of a district, of a regiment, of a trea-iury, of the grand-chancellor, etc, and even of the whole country. See Brugsch, Rev. 6gypt. i. (18S0) 2S ir. (many examples cited) ; Also Hist. 101, 124, 1'25 (Hor-em- beb (IS dyn.) was * Adon of the whole land' for some vearv before he became kin^ : see p. 231), 281, 290, 339 bottom, 344 bU, 347, 343 ; and Virey in Record*, 2nd ser. ly. 3 £f. (where the same word is spelt * tennu *).
In view, however, of the fact that both 'db and 'adon are common Heb. words (with 45' cf. esp. Is 22''"), it must be regarded as exceedingly doubt- ful whether, in using them, E had really in mind the Egyptian offices to which Brugsch has re- ferred.
On 46"" see Abomination, No. 1 : there is independent evidence that cow-herds and swine- herds (Herod, ii. 47) were looked do^vn upon by the Egyptians, but not that shepherds were. 47' ' overseers of cattle over that which I have.' Much attention was paid to cattle - rearing^ in Egypt; and there were many fine breeds.* The Pharaoh possessed large herds ; and the mer, or superintendent, of the royal cattle is often men- tioned in the inscriptions.t There are parallels for parties of foreigners receiving permission to settle in Egypt : see Z. f. Aeg. Spr. 1889, p. 125, or Torakins, p. 81 [Mentiu, or nomads, expelled from their homes, appeal to 9or-em-tieb, of the 18th dyn., and receive permission to settle in a pre- scribed locality) ; and the remarkable inscription cited by Brugsch, ch. v. (p. 100), from the reign of Mereniitah (Shasu or Beda^vis, allowed to pass a border-fortress of Egypt, and to settle on the property of the Pharaoh). In 47" the ' house ' meant is, according to Ebers, the treasury, nsually called per-het, the ' house of silver ' : the head- treasurer was a high officer of state, having many subordinate officials under him.J The peculiar system of Egyptian land-tenure, which (47») is attributed to Joseph, is so far in accordance with the evidence of the monuments, that, whereas in the Old Empire the nobility and governors of the noraes possessed large landed estates, in the New Empire (which followed the expulsion of the Hyksos) ' the old aristocracy has made way for royal officials, and the landed property has passed out of the hands of the old families into the pos- session of the crown and the great temples. '§ The monuments do not, however, furnish any explana- tion of the origin of the new system : there ia • conjecture in Erman, p. 102 f. |{
Sff"' ". Embalming the dead is, of course, well known to have been an Egyptian custom ; for descriptions of the process, see Herod, ii. 86-89 j Budge, The Mummy (1893), 160 ff. ; WUk.-B. ia 470 fj'. Egypt was famous for its physicians (Od. iv. 229 ; Herod, ii. 84, iii. 1. 129), and Egyptian treatises on medicine have come (io^vn to us : T but here ' physicians ' seems to be useA improperly
•Erman, 436 f.
t Ebers ; Erman, 04, 96, 108 top, 14S, 476 (ct. SOOl
t Of. Erman, 86 f., 96 f., 108 ft.
§ Erman, p. 102. Diodorus Siculus, In a later age, say< that the land in Egypt belonged to the king, the priests, and the military caste (L 73 f.; cf. Herod, ii 188, where ft is stated that every priest and warrior in Egypt possessed 12 «/w^a<— aboal 9 acres — of land tax-freeX
II In 4731 Chabas {ilU. IlL 1. 91 f.), adopting the reading of LX.X (He 1121), saw a reference to the Egyp. ciutom of doing houiai.'e, at the time of taking an oath, to the maglitfmta'iwui of office (cf. Vigourom, 190 : Tomkloi, 82-86).
U Erman, 8679.
JOSEPH
JOSEPH, MARY'S HUSBAND 773
for embalraers (who belonged in fact to a distinct profession). Seventy daj's appears to have been a more usual jieriod for the entire process tlian forty ; but, in point of fact, it varied.* In oU'"' a considerable funeral procession is described, such as are often represented on the tombs, — only (El)ers) without 'horsemen': see Plates LXVI. LXVII. LXVlii. in Wilk.-B. (iii. 444, 440, 449), or Ernian, p. 320 f. The ' coHin ' of 50-* is the mummy - case, or sarcophagus : tlio same word (|T!<) is used in Plioen. of a sarcophagu8.+ It is remarkable that IIU (ib.) appears to have been re- garded in Egypt as the ideal age for a man, and as the most perfect age to be desired. ' In the most ancient jIS we possess, the Papyrus Prisse.t a life of 1 10 years is declared to be tlie best ; and in the Papyrus Anast. iv. (T. iv. 1. 4) we read "Fulfil 110 years on the earth, wliilst thy limbs are vigorous."' On a granite statue at Vienna there is a prayer to Isis to grant health and hap- piness for 110 years. 'Many similar passages speak of 110 years as the most perfect age to be desired, and therefore by the number 110 is inferred an especially blessed and prosperous life ' (Ebers).