•Cf. Jo» l'»- with Nu2T'»'-,Dt3« 311* »: lHwilhNuM, Dt Si8ir;S.'"w with Ut liwr ST'* U": 13 IT. with Nu 34 ; UU'with Nu U«, I>t 1*1; 171-0 with Nu 27' '■ 3«i n ; 20 1. »ith Nu SS.
t IIollenl>ery, in his account of the chticism of Joshua {SK, 1874. p. 413), IS, therefore, so far wroiif]: in nanilnff de Wette as the tlrst to ri-coKtiize that the analysis of Joshua must follow the Lines of that of the Psatatsuch.
r80
JOSHUA
JOSHUA
tench. De Wt-tte (see list of literature below), after viuillatin^, in successive eilitions of his Intro- duction, between the fra^'nientury ami iloeunientary liypotliesc;- of the coinjiosition of the I'entateurli, iiiially adhered to tlie latter, and traced through Joshua the Elohist and Deuteronomic documents. In lS-2-2 Hleek distin^'uished the basis of the hook as Eloliist, additions to it as by the Jahwist, and its final redaction a.s from the hands of the Dcuter- ononiist. Soon after Uleck began his criticism, Ewald traced up to tlie end of Joshua all the docu- ments into which he had already analysed the rentateuch. The work was continued W other critics, the most prominent of whom have been Knobel, Schrader, Noldeke, Hollenberg, Well- hausen, Vatke (whose results appear in his post- humouslecturesonUT Introduction), Budde.Albers, Driver, Bennett, and Addis. Amid many varieties of opinion as to detjiils, the analj'ses of this long list of scholars reveal a wonderful agreement, not only as to the presence in Joshua of all the Penta- teuchal documents, but even as to the ap|iroximate proiiortions in which the}' stand to ea<:h other.* It is because of these results that OT criticism prefers to speak of the llexateuch rather than of the Pentatcurh.
iv. The Co.vstituent Documents. — Critics, then, agree that all the chief documents of the Pentateuch are present in Joshua, and indeed this is obvious to any reader of the origin.al who is familiar with the characteristic style and favourite topics of these documents. But the documents are present with certain ambiguities and complications, and these present a number of problems unsolved and perha])s insoluble, which are peculiar to the criticism of Joshua, as contrasted with that of the Pentateuch.
In the following analysis we start with the Deuteronomic elements, the spirit and style of which are so readilj- recognized. We have seen that the book is faithful to the spirit of the Deuteronomic code — even to the extent of ideal- izing the facts — in so far as Deuteronomy com- mands Israel to take full possession of the land and extirjiute the native inhabitants. But the Deuteronomic dialect is also frequently observed. The following is a list and analj'sis of the Deuter- onomic passages. Tliey are found chiefly in chs. 1-12, and in the Appendix, chs. 21-24.
(a) The Deuteronomic Passages in Joshua. — It is not without significance that the introduction is one of the most plainly Deuteronomic passages of the Book. Ch. 1 is not only written in manifest continuation of the end of the Bk. of Deuter- onomy (as completed, critics now take for granted, bv a Deuteronomic editor), but it is composed almost throughout in the Deuteronomic style. Vv.»-'' are expanded from Dt 11-^-=*'; Dt 31''" is echoed in vv."'- «• "k- ■s'" ; Dt 4" 298 (Heb.) in v.'; Dtr-='-»'20»31«inv.''; Dt 11" in v."». Terms used only in Dt, or in the meaning in which they are employed in Dt, are scattered through the chapter (e.g. the intransitive pv, and c'iec* in the sense of othcers who communicate the orders of the chief to the people). The appeal to the Law and the Book of the Law are also Deuteronomic, and so, too, the number of the tribes settled E. of the Jordan as 2i (cf. v.'^ with Dt 3"-"'), while JE (Nu 32'-''«"-) states them as 2. At the same time there are complications. The phrases npo mco (v.M, D'pcn and ^-n.-i nui (v."), are not phrases of the Dt style, which has other terms for the two latter ; the details in v."' might have been stated by any
• In opposition to these analyBes, defenders of the unity of the book, and (to a greater or lesa degree) of iu independence, have •ppeared in J. L. Konij{ flS36), and Keil in his CommenUry. See also Lex Monica, ana Principal Douglaa in hia handbook oo Jotbu*.
writer. These facts have led some to conclude that a JE narrative underlies this Dt introductior. to the Book. It should be observed that the Dt parallels and echoes in the chapiter are all taken from the historical and parenetic portions of the Bk. of Dt which most critics now assign to another hand than that which drew up the legal kernel of the Book, chs. 12-2(3. 28.
In ch. 2, vv.'"-" (and perhaps v.") are not only Deuteronomic in language, but express a favourite thought of the Deuteronomist — the fear which Israel and the wonderful deeds of J " produced on the inhabitants of \V. Palestine. Chs. 3 and 4, on the Crossing of Jordan, are obviously com- piled from several sources, for they contain not only dillercnces of style, but of substance. There are, firstly, clauses in the Dt dialect deducing from the events described the Dt doctrines (3' 4'^ the raagnifyini? of Joshua in the eyes of Israel ; 4-'-^ the duty of teaching future generations the mean- ing of the events, and the impression of these on the Canaanites) ; and, secondly, in other parts of the narrative, characteristic Dt phrases occur (3^*"* D'lSi D'3nD:T, etc.) ; but, thirdly also, there are traces of an original Dt account of the monument raised to commemorate the passage (4^- "■• *, cf . w.-'- "), which differs from the two J E accounts of the same (see below), in so far as it makes the monument to consist of 12 stones brought by 12 men from the bed of Jordan, and places it at Gilgal. In chs. 5 and 6 (the Taking of Jericho), 5', the fear of the Canaanites has an echo of Dt, as also 6'- '-'' are supposed to have (cf. v.^ with Dt 2^ 3" etc., and V." \vith Dt 2'-^). In ch. 7 (Achan's Trespass) no Dt elements can be detected with certainty (though some seem to occur in vv.'"*' "• '•) till the obvious Dt redaction of v.'"'-, on which see below among the JE passages. In S*"** (the Taking of Ai) touches of the Dt style may be detected in