t Justin Martyr twice quotes Is f>.'» in connexion with the fulHlment of prophecy (1 Ap. 61, Dial. 97) ; but in neither case Is there any reference to Joseph.
§ Gesenius and Knobel, following Jewish commentators, interpret 'rich ' as = proud, ungodly, vicious (against which see Unnck. Servant 0/ Jekovah, p. I4S) ; Ewald, Chevne (Introd. Ic Is. p. 429), and Duhm adopt, without MS authority, textual emendations, and read pipy oppressor(Ew.)or pv? defrauder (fih. and Du.) ; in each case the word being referred to the Babylonians, araonc whom the ' Senant of the Lord ' would die. The BibUAnnolfe paraphrases, • He has been interred with criminals, but after his death he has been put by the Eternal (m Sheol) m the ranks of the most honourable.' Dclilzsch*, Lrw.ck, etc. retain the meaning 'rich' (literally), and eniphasize the similaritv between OT prophecy and NT . .'?T'- ^' Inteniretation, ' his sepulchral mounds," instead of in his death ' (adopted by Lowth, Ew., Duhm, Ch. in Intr.\ renders the parallel more conspicuous, but is not essential to It* Duintenance ; • in bis death ' may= ' when he died.'
freed Ireland from poisonous reptiles, a servicfl usuallj- attributed to St. Patrick.
LrTBiuTtmB. — Wuelcher's Excursus on J. of A, tn Qotp. of Sic. ; CJowper's Apocr. Gosps. ; Skeat's Joseph 0/ Ariinatki4 (Early English Texts) ; Ittig, Pat. Apost. 13 ; Hearne's llitU and Ant. of OlagtojUmry ; Saurin, JHscours, x. 451, 4t]G.
H. Cowan. JOSEPH BARSABBAS (AV Barsabas), sumamed Justus ; one of the two disciples who had been followers of Jesus during the whole of His public mini.stry, and were therefore deemed suitable candidates for tlie apostolic office vacant by fltie treachery and death of Judas Iscariot (Ac 1^). Snrsabbas means 'son of Sabba.' It has been variously interpreted ' son of an oath,' ' son of an old man,' 'son of conversion,' ' son of quiet' (see Lightfoot, Hor. Heb.; Winer, Rcalwortcrb.) ; but it was probably a patronymic, Joseph's father being named Sabba. If so, we must reject Lightfoot's suggestion, that he and Judas Barsabbas (Ac 15^) were brothers of James the son of Alpliaius. His Roman surname Justus was doubtless assumed after the manner frequent among the Jews at that time (cf. Ac 12" 13'). We have no information concerning him beyond what is implied in the one passage where he is mentioned. He is certainly to be distinguished from Joseph Barnabas (Ac 4'') and from Judas Barsabbas (Ac 15^) ; though it is not improbable, from the identity of the patronymic, that he and Judas were brothers. Eusebius (HE i. 12) makes him to have been one of 'the Seventy' (Lk lO'), and this is not improbable. Eusebius ifi^) also relates from Papias a legend that Joseph Barsabbas 'drank a deadly poison and yet, by the grace of the Lord, suffered no harm.' G. T. Purves.
JOSEPH, PRAYER OF A lost Jewish apocry.
phon, mentioned in several catalogues of extra- canonical books. For information as to its con- tents we are indebted almost exclusively to a few quotations in the writings of Origen. In all the extant passages Jacob (not Joseph) is the speaker. He narrates a conversation he held with the wrestling angel Uriel ; and claims to have read the tablets of heaven, and thus to know what is about to befall mankind. The work is said by Origen to have been in use irap 'E^paloa, and his quotations show it to have had an antichristian animus. It is a representative of a remarkable trend in JeAvish theology, which led the Jews to claim for the three great patriarchs the same sublime and supernatural characteristics as the Christians claimed for the Lord Jesus. For in- stance, Jacob claims to be ' an angel of God and a ruling spirit'; 'the first- begotten (irpw7-47oi'os) of every creature animated by God ' ; ' an archangel of tlie power of the Lord ' ; and ' the first servant in God's presence.' The wrestling angel, whom Christians claimed to be the Messiah, is told by Jacob that! he is only eighth in rank among the angels, Jacob himself being first of all ; and in the same strain Abraham and Isaac are said to have been ' created before every (other) work.'
LrrERATCRB. — Fabriclua, Codex ptmtdtpigr. FT I. 761-771 ! Schurer, BJP n. ilL 128; DUlmann, art ' Pseudepigraphen,' In
PJtJ^- J. T. Marshall.
JOSEPHUS (A 'Iii(n,</>ot, B *6<ntwot), 1 Es 9*<:> Joseph, Ezr 10".
JOSES ('Iwffflf). — 1. An ancestor of our Lord (Lk 3^ AV reads Jose, failing to observe that 'luxri of TR is genitive. The correct text as adopted by WH and RV is 'Ii^o-oO, so that this Joses gives place to Jesus). 2. One of the ' brethren of the Lord ' (Mk 6^ 15"- ^ Mt 27'*). In Mt 13" where AV haM Joses, RV adopts WH text Joseph (see Dalman,
JOSHAH
JOSHUA
77'J
Gram. p. 75). 3. The natal name (Ac 4"'' AV) of Barnabas (wliicli see). RV after WH has Joseph.
JOSHAH (nyi>).— A Simeonite chief, 1 Ch 4". See Genkalogy.
JOSHAPHAT (c;yv = c?r.T).— 1. One of David's herous, 1 Ch 11". 2. A priest in David's time, 1 Cli 15-«.
JOSHAYIAH (.Tic*v).— One of David's heroes, 1 Ch U«.
JOSHBEKASHAH (v-r;;.).— A son of Hercan,
1 Ch 25*- •*. There is reason to believe that this and live of the names associated with it are really a fra^rment of a hymn or prayer (see Genealogy, III. -23 n. ; and of. Kittel in SHUT, and W. K. Smith, OTJCT'UZq.).