JUDAISM.— See Religion.
JUDAS ('loMas, Judas), the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew name .ly-T JuDAH.
1. The third son of Mattathias, called Macca- boBus (1 Mac 2*, Jos. Ant. XII. vi. 1). See Maccabees.
2. The son of Chalphi, one of two captains (ipXOfTes Tr)S (rrpanas) who stood by Jonathan when the main part of his army had been scattered by an ambush at the beginning of a battle against the Syrians at Hazor (1 Mac 11'", Jos. Ant. XIII. V. 7).
3. A Jew holding some important position at Jerusalem, who is named in the title of a letter sent from the Jews of Jerusalem and Jud:ca and the Jewish Senate to their brethren in Kgypt and to a certain Aristobulus (2 Mac 1'"). The latter, who ia termed the teacher (SiJdo-itoXos) of king Ptolemy, is doubtless to be identified with a Peripatetic philosopher who lived at the court of Ptolemy VI. Philometor (B.C. 18(1-145) ; so Clem. Alex. Strom. V. .\iv. 9" ; Euseb. Prwp. Ev. viii. 9 fin. This Judas is often 8upi)Osed to be Judas Alaccaba;us ; so Grimm, Kawlinson, Zockler. The purport of the letter (2 Mac l^-a'*), which is prob- ably not genuine, is to invite the Egyptian Jews to keep the Feast of the Dedication. Like the preceding epistle (ib. I'-"**), it stands in no con- nexion with 2 Mac, and seems to have been pre- fixed to tliis book by a later hand. See Schiirer, HJP II. iii. 213.
4. A son, probably the eldest, of Simon the Maccabee (1 .Mac IG'-). He, with his brother John Hyrcanus, took the command against the Syrian army under Cendebanis, and was wounded in the engagement (»6. IG'-'", cf. Jos. Atit. XIII. vii. 3). In B.C. 135, he, with his father and another brother named Mattathias, was murdered at the little fortress of Dok by Ptolemy, the son of Abubus (ib. 16"'"). According to the representation of Josephus, Judas was not murdered at the sjimo time as his father, but ma<le prisoner, and subse- quently put to death, when Hyrcanus raised the siege of Dagon (? Dok) ; see Jos. Ant. XIII. viii. 1 ; Wars, I. ii. 3-». 5. 1 Es 9^ = Judah of Ezr ID'^. 6. An ancestor of Jous, Lk 3''. 7. One of the brethren of the L.ird, Mt 13", Mk 6». See art. JuDK THE Lord's Brother. H. A. White.
JUDAS BARSABBAS(AV liarsabas) is mentioned in Ac 15'-- "• *'• '■' as one of the two prominent mem- bers of the Jeras. Church who were sent to Antioch with Barnabas and Saul, bearing the letter of the
apostles and elders to the Gentile Churches. The personal presence of these brethren was intended to give additional weight to the a.ssurances of fellowship which the letter contained. Judas and Silas his companion are described lus chief men among the brethren {Jiyov/Uvovi : no doubt presby- ters ; see He 13'- "• "). They were also prophets, i.e. men whom the Spirit inspired to communicate His truth and will to the Church. Judas, with Silas, remained in Antioch to strengthen the brethren there, and then returned to Jerusalem (v.** in AV is spurious). We hear no more of J udas Barsabbas. Barsabbas is a patronymic (see Joseph B.\.R.SABiiAS). He may have been a brother of Joseph (Ac l-^). He is not to be identified with Jude the author of the Epistle, because the latter's brother James (see JUDE) was either the son of Joseph, the foster- father of Jesus, or the son of Alphajus. Neither can he have been the Apostle Judas, ' not Iscariot,' both because he is in Acts clearly distinguished from the apostles, and because the Apostle Judas was ' the son of James ' (Lk 6'* RV).
G. T. PtJBVES.
JUDAS OF DAMASCU.S. — In Ac 9" Ananiiis is told to go to the street called 'Straight,' and seek in the Imuse of Judas a man of the name of Saul, of Tarsu.i. Nothing further is known of Judas. Tradition has found a house for him in Damascus, not, however, in the street called Straight, but only a few paces out of it, in a lane to the right, as one goes from west to east.
A. C. Headlam.
JUDAS OF GALILEE, mentioned by Gamaliel (Ac 5^') as the leader of a popular revolt 'in the days of the taxing ' (KV ' enrolment '), which ended, however, in his destruction and the dispersion of his followers. The ' enrolment ' was the one con- ducted by Quirinius (which .see), when in a.d. 6 or 7 he was a second time (cf. Lk 2') made gover- nor of Syria. It was intended to be a basis of Roman taxation, and excited fierce opposition among the Jews, which was quieted only by the influence of the high priest Joazar (Jos. Ant. xvill. i. 1). Judas, however, with a certain Pharisee, Saddoc, called the people to defend their liber- ties, bidding them acknowledge no Lord but God. Josephus {Ant. XVIII. i. 1, 6, XX. v. 2; 11./ II. viii. 1, xvii. 8, 9, v^I. viii. 1), like Gamaliel, usually calls him a Galil.tan, but in one passage {Ant. XVIII. i. 1) a Gaulonite from Gamala, which lay east of Galilee. It is not clear whether the insur- rection broke out in Judsa and the title ' Galilsean ' was jjiven to Judas because Gaulonitis was loosely identihed with Galilee, or whether it broke out in Galilee and thus the title ' Galihean ' was attached to him. That it was a considerable movement appears both from Gamaliel's notice of it and from the frequency with which Josephus refers to it. According to the latter, from it there arose ' the Zealots,' the most fanatical and patriotic of the .lewish sects, whose violence under Gessiiis Florus (A.D. 64-60) hastened the war with Rome. Jo.so- phus mentions them, after the Pharisees, Saddu- cees, and Essenes, as the fourth sect of the Jews, and OS founded by Judas. He does not mention, however, the death of Judas, or the fate of his insurrection. Gamaliel agrees with Jo.scphus in the date and in the strength as-signed to the revolt ; nor is there any sufhcient rea.son to question his statement that the leailer perished and his followers were dispersed.