On the division of the country after the death of Herod the Great, Juda;a was given to Archelaus with the title of ethnarch. A few years later, on the deposition of Archelaus, it was added to the province of Svria, and administered by a pro- curator subortiinate to the governor of Syria. The procurator resided at Ctesarea {Ant. xvil. xiii. 5, xvin. i. 1, ii. 1), which, according to the Talniuds, was not in Jud.-ea. This view is said to have been held by St. Luke, but it seeins doubtful whether his intention is to do more than draw a distinction between Judoea and the seat of govern- ment, Cajsarea (Ac 12" 21'°, cf. ' Judsea and Jeru- salem,' as above). In the division of Palestine at the beginning of the 5th cent. Judaea formed part of Patent inn Prima.
The physical features of Judrea are described in the art. on Pale.stine. It wUl suffice to say here that the Romans covered the country with a network of roads.
LmjRATrnn.— Schfirer, HJP (Index) ; O. A. Smith, BOHL (Index); Buhl, UAP 81 f., 131 ff.; Giierin, Judie; Neubauer, Gi'm. du Taim. 63, 65, 69 ff.; Baedeker-Socin, Pal.3 (Index); PEF Mem. vol. lli; Literature under art. Palestine.
C. W. Wilson.
JDD.EA, THE WILDERNESS OF (r, Ip-n/xo, ttjs 'lovSalat, (lesertum Judeete). — The district in which John the Baptist made his first appearance as the Forerunner of Christ (Mt 3'). In Mk V, Lk 3=, it is called simply ' the wilderness.' It is prob. the same as the wilderness of Judah (Jg 1", Ps 63, title), in which were situated En-gedi and five other cities (Jos 15"'- *•) — the Jeshimon or desert tract west of the Dead Sea. It perhaps included the western bank of the Jordan to the north of the Dead Sea (Jos. Ant. in. X. 7, IV. viii. 2, 3).
C. W. Wilson.
JUDAH (rn>.T yghUcMh, 'praised' (?), 'loMas, Judn ; in As.syT, inscriptions la-u-du, la-u-dai, see Ja-strow, JBL xii. (1893) Clfi.). — 1. The fourth son of Jacob and Leah. He was born in Paddan-aram (On 29**). In J he is very promi- nent. He suggests to his brethren that they should sell Joseph to the Ishraaelites (On 37=«'-), pleads for Benjamin to be sent into Eg^'pt, and becomes surety for his safety (43'"-). He thus takes the place corresponding to that assumed by Reuben in E (37»"- 42^). So in Gn 44" we read of Judah and his brethren, and it is he who makes the impassioned appeal to Joseph for Benjamin's
release (Gn 44"""). In cunseciucme of Reuben'i misconduct ((!n 35- 49') and the treacherous violence of Simeon and Levi (34. 49^"-), Judah re- ceives the firstborn's privilege (49''"-)- According to Gn 38 he went to Adullain and married the daughter of a Canaanite, Sliua. Hy her he had three sons, Er, Onan, and .Slielah. Er married Tam.ar, but died without children, as did his brother Onan, who refused to perform the duty of raising up seed to his brother. As she was not given to Shelah, she by artifice became the mother of two children by Judah, Perez and Zcrah.
This narrative reveals very clearly what is true in part at least of tlie others, that Judah is the eponj'mous ancestor of the tribe of Judah, and that the history of the tribe has been thrown into the form of a personal history. Gn 38 thus becomes of great value for its information on the composition of the tribe. Under the metaphors of marriage and paternity the union and orij^in of various stocks are expressed. The most important fact that emerges is that the tribe of Judah, as we know it in the historical period, was largely of Can. origin. After the Hebrews entered Canaan, Judah left the main body, and struck out in a southerly direction to conquer a district to settla in (Jg 1'"^). In consequence of its union with Hirah and Shua, and later with Tamar, clans near AduUam, five Judahite clans were in course of time formed, but the tw o oldest of these, Er and Onan, became extinct. But Gn 38 does not exhaust our information as to the compo.sition of Judah. In Jg 1" we find that the Kenites accompanied Judah into the wilderness of Judah, and then went on and dwelt among the Amalekites (reading ' the Amalekite ' for ' the people '), where at a later period we find them (1 S 15«, cf. Nu 24*-22). Per- haps they were of Amalekite origin. Generally they are regarded as Midianites, but this rests on a combination of J and E. Besides the Kenites we find two Kenizzite clans, Caleb and Otliniel (Jg 112-16. 2o_ Jog 146-15 IS'"-'"), ^s Kenizzite, they would appear to have been originally Edomite tribes (Gn 36"- "'•*^). Caleb remained a distinct tribe till the time of David (1 S 30'^). It lived in tlie hill-country of Judah, and Hebron was its chief town. It seems to have been the most powerful clan of Judah. Nabal is regarded as a typical Calebite (1 S 25'). The chief to\vn of Othniel was Kiriath-sepher or Debir. Closely con- nected with Caleb was Jerahmeel, who in the highly important lists 1 Ch 2 appears as his brother. According to Wellhausen, who investi- gated these lists and those in 1 Ch 4'"^ in his de Gen. et Fam. Jud., Jerahmeel was older than Caleb, dwelt farther south, and adopted a less settled mode of life. It wUl be clear that Judah not only absorbed Canaanite, but, to a still greater extent, Edomite and kindred elements. These perhaps imparted the fanaticism which was later so characteristic of the tribe.