But as early as Origen quite another ^^ew was taken of the suicide of Judas. He was hurrying to do in the other world what he failed to do in this. Knowing that Jesus would soon be in Hades, and that He was the source of s;ilvation, he determined to be there before Him, and with b.tred son! to meet Him and implore His forgive- ness (Origen, Tract, in Matt, xxxv., Migne, xiii. 1767. Suicer, s.v. 'Ioi/5aj, quotes the same idea from Theophanes, Hmn. xxvii. p. 202. See also Theophylact on Mt 27").
The impious sect of the Cainites had a small composition which they called the Gospel of J^tdas. They regarded him as the true Gnostic, who with supreme insight accomplished the excellent work of overthrowing the power of the Demiurge by causing the death of Christ (Iren. I. xxxi. 1 ; Epiphan. Hmr. I. xxxviii. 1 ; Theodoret, H(er. Fab. I. XV. ; Pseudo-Tert. adv. omn. Hcer. ii.).
Representations of Judas are rare in ancient art. Kraus knows of only three of the traitor's kiss. These are a sarcophagus at Verona (Mafl'ei, Verona illustr. iii. 54), a sarcophagus of southern Gaul (FaUlon, Momim. de S. Madeleine, i. 4G2), and a mosaic of the 6th cent, in S. Apollinare at Ravenna, of which Kraus gives a sketch. In Smith's Diet, of Chr. Ant. i, 891 is a drawing of Judas hanging from a tree. This is from the Syriac MS of Rabula, A.D. 586. Kraus gives another from an ivory in the British Museum, which is perhaps of the 5th cent. The crucifixion is jjart of the same picture, so that Judas hangs side by side with Christ (Eeal-Enc. d. Christ. Alt. ii. 74, 75).
JUDAS
JUJJK Kl'ISTLE OF
79S
LlTERATTBE. — Zandt, Comment, de JMda prrnlitorf, Lips. 17fi9 ; A)aiih, Judax IgcUarioth, Heiiielb. 18Hi ; Neandcr, L\fe of Christ, I iftl ; S, J. Andrews. Life of our Lord, pp. ^f>l-^U;!. 62+-529, cd. ISO:! ; and the uuthorititB quoted in Winer, /il It'/t i. 035. For the medixival lei,'end, nee D Ancona, La Lejjfiula di Vergo^na e la tf'jgenda di Giuda, Bolotma, 18tfO. and the other works cited In Eiif: Brit. t,v., esp. yoten and t^enet, 2nd Bcries, v. vi. vii. ; 3rdHerie8, vii. ; 5th series, vi. Besides tlie Lives of Christ (Lan^e, Keim, Weiss, Edenilieini, Farrar, etc.) reference may furliier he made to sucli re(;ent Mtndies as Bruce, Trainirxg of the Twelve. 371 H. ; Fairbaim, .SVui/iV* in the Life of Chritt, 2.'>Sff.; Steiiinieyer, Pasrion ami liemirrectimi U'ietory. 80ff. ; Stalker, Trial and Death of Jeau* Chritt, UOfl.; Boyd Carpen- ter, So7i of Man, til B.; 8. Cox, fxpontiom, i. 331 a., 348 If.
A. Plummf.r. JUDAS i'lovSas), ' NOT IscAKIOT,' one of the twelve (Jn 14^), who is also described as 'Judas of James ' (Lk 6", Ac 1"). His identilication with the disciple who is also called Lcbbaeus(Mt 10' AV) and Thaddffius (Mt lo' ItV, Mk 3'») is generally accei)ted, although it has been sii<,'gested that Judas really took the place of Thadda>us, who had died during the ministry of our Lord. He is not to be identified with .ludas or Jude, the Lord's brother. Nothing whatever is known about him or his ultimate career, except the question re- corded by St. John, who is careful to dislin;juish him from his namesake the traitor. See, further,
JUDE, LEIIH.EU.S, TllADD.KUS. W. MUIR.
JUDE THE LORD'S BROTHER.— A Judas is named as one of the Lord's ' brethren ' in Mt 13", Mk G^ He has commonly been identihed bv tradi- tion with the Apostle Judas, ' not Iscariot ' (Jn 14-). But the latter is described by St. Luke (6'«, Ac 1") as the son (A V has iraproperlj' the bmthrr) of James. Those who deny that the ' brethren ' included any apostiss, of course reject this identification also, and regard Judas the brother of Jesus as the son of Joseph either by a former wife or by Marv (see Hrf.thuen of the Lokd). Assuming the latter view, we know of Judas merely tliat he belonged to the Nazarene household, and, like the rest of his lirethren (Jn 7°), did not believe in Christ till after the resurrection (Ac 1"). He was doubtless al.so the author of 'the Epistle of Jude,' styling himself in V.' 'a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James' {i.e. James the Lord's brother. Gal 1"). This indicates that his spiritual relation to Jesus was felt to be more important than the fleshly one ; also that Jude was less known in the Churches th.an James was. In v." he apparently distin- guishes liimself from the ajiostles. The Ep. indi- cates that he was familiar with the OT and Jewish trmlition, and specially indignant against tho.se who introduced immorality under cover of the gospel.
The onlj' mention of Jude in ecclesiastical history is the story related from Hegesippus by Eusebius {JfE iii. 19, 20, 32), that Domitian, hav- ing commanded the descendants of David to be slain, certain heretics made accusation against the Etandchildren of Jude,* ' siiid to have been the Lord's brother according to tlie flesh'; but that, when they were lirought to the emperor, he found them to be poor, hard-working men, who described Christ's kingdom a-s heavenly, and destined to appear at the end of the world ; so he ilismissed them with contempt. The hi.storian adds that they afterwards ruled the Churches, being both witnesses (i.e. for the faith) and relatives of the lyord ; and that they lived until the time of Trajan. Nicephorus Ciillisti (c. A.D. 1350, Hist. £irle.f. i. 33) rejiorts a traililion that Jude's wife was Mary the mother of James and Joses, and {ib. ii. 3) that his mother was Salome : but the statements of Nirepli. are inconsistent with respect to tliH . relationships, and his testimony to them is of small value. (i. T. PUKVES.