For history of Jth in the Canon, see APOCRYPHA.
LiTKRATURB. — Commentaries by Fritzsche (1853), Volkmar (1860), Worn (1861, defends historical character), Ball (Speaker'i Com. 1888). Scholz (2nd ed. 1896, Roman Catholic) ; Lohr in Kautzsch's Apocrtjphen und PsntdepUjraphen, 1898. On Hebrew versions, see above. Further under Apocrypha. Ct. Schurer, EJP n. iii. 32 ff., REi i. 644 f., GJVi 169 ; C. D. Ginshurg in Kitto's Cyclop. Dihl. Lit. ; A. Schlatter, Zur Topo- graphic und Geschichte Patavtinas, ch. 23 (1893).
F. C. Porter. JUEL.— 1. ('Iowa) 1 Es 9« = UEL, Ezr 10»*. 2. (A 'Iov7)\, B Oi>i)X) 1 Es 9^= Joel, Ezr 10«.
JULIA ('louX(a). — One of those greeted by St. Paul in Ko 16" with PhUologus, Nereus, Olvmpas, and sthers. It has been suggested that Philologus
• OV. 1 Oo 10»- 10 with Vulg, Jth 8K (Snholz).
t The question of the morality of Judith's deed should not be OlBcussed without reference to the existing state of war, and to each ezuDples as Jael and Esther.
and Julia were husband and wife, and the otheri members of the family. The name was the com- monest of all Roman female names, commonest of all among slaves of the imperial household, and nothing cm be proved by it. Tlie following in- scription is interesting {OIL vi. 20416) : D.M I IVLIAE NEREI • F • i CLAVDIAE.
A. C. Headlam.
JULIUS ('Ioi5\io5). — The name of the centurion in whose custody St. Paul journeyed to Rome (Ac 27'''). Wlien it was determined that St. Paul with his companions should sail to Italy, he was delivered with his companions 'to a centuriim named .Julius of the Augustan cohort.' Through- out the voyage the centurion is represented as treating his prisoner with some kindness and dis- tinction. He was allowed to go ashore and see his friends at Sidon. Although the centurion does not attend to the apostle's warnings at first (vv."' "), it is at his instigation that he orders the soldiers to cut away the boat (v.*"), and it is to save him that he prevents the soldiers from kill- ing the prisoners (v.*"-). On arrival at Rome, St. Paul was allowed to live by himself with the soldier who guarded him (Ac 28'").
Two points in this narrative demand close attention, tlie Augustan cohort and the statement last made. We will take the latter first. There is an interesting variation of text. The best of the MSS (XABI) and Vulg. Pesh. Boh. read in Ac 28" ' And when we entered into Rome, Paul was suffered to abide by himself with tlie soldier that guarded him.' This is adopted by \VH and by Blass in his a text. The latter in his ^ text on the aiitliority of HLP<""- Hard."'- Gif;, reads, 'tlie centurion handed over the prisoners to the head of the camp, while Paul was allowed to remain by himself without the camp with the .sohliers that guarded him.' The word translated ' lie.ad of the camp ' is in Greek o-rpaTOTrtSapx')', w'hile the one representative of the Old Latin we have here r6a,ds principi percgrinorum. It must be remem- bered that D and most Old Latin authorities are defective in this place. A portion of this latter reading is found in the TR, and has always been interpreted as referring to the prmfecttis prcetorio ; stress has been laid on the singular, and it has been supposed necessarily to refer to a date before 62 while Burrhus filled the office alone. Prof. Mommsen tells us that neither the term nor the duty is consonant with Roman usage, and suggests another interpretation based primarily on the technical Latin word, which appears in the version princeps perenrinorum. In order to perfect the organization of the Roman army and the communications with the legions on the frontier, there was a body of troops detached from the foreign legions called fnimentarii. At some date or other they were organized under a head of their own, and had a camp on the Cselian hUl. It was called the castra peregrinomm, and the head of it the princeps castrorum peregrinorum or princeps peregrinorum. This is represented in the Greek apparently less correctly, or at least less technic- ally, by orpoTOTreSdpx'js. To this body of messen- gers, constantly travelling backwards and forwards, it would be natural that prisoners should be en- trusted, and there is evidence to that eflect. It had been usual in the absence of evidence to refer this organization to the time of Hadrian, but Mommsen thinks it more probable that it dates from the time of Augustus, and would use the Acts for evidence to that eflect.
But the question now arises — What is the authority of the text ? for this may be a crucial instance of the value of the p text. How, on Blass's theory, did it come about that St. Ijuka substituted a vague phrase for the technical Ian-
JUNIAS
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eua^e he had previously employed ? If his theorj- be incoTect, which reading is intrinsically likely to be altered ? It has become the fashion to hint that the p readin" is here correct ; but it may be pointed out that the phrase which is most correct technicallj', that of the Latin MSS, is the work of a translator who, being a Roman, would presumably have more accurate knowledge than tlie original writer, giving precision in his translations by em- ploying a technical word. Following that line of argument it might be suggested that perhaps here ■we have an instance in which the more precise text of p arose from the influence of the Latin version and possibly bilingual MSS. At any rate, the y3 text IS here very definitely connected with Rome.