But what is tne meaning of the (rireipa Sc/SoffT?;? The co/wrtes of the Roman legion haa no special designation, and therefore in this case we must have a cohort of auxiliary troops ; and many such were named Augusta. But then we should have an auxiliary used for services for which, as far as we know, they were not employed. Mommsen seems to suggest a connexion with the cohors pere- grinorum, although confessing that this name and that of the Italian band are still unsolved. Ram- sav, starting from this suggestion, develops it as follows: 'But when we recollect (1) that Luke regularly uses the terms of educated conversation, not the strict technical terms ; and (2) that he was a Greek who was cireless of Roman forms or names, we shall not seek in this case to treat the Greek name (crTrfrpa -ejiaa-r!]) as a translation of a conect Roman name ; but we shall look for a body in the Roman service which was likely to be called " the troops of the Emperor" by the persons in whose society Luke moved at the time . . . we conclude, then, that "the troops of the Emperor" was a popular colloquial means of describing the corps of officer-couriers; and we thus gather from Acta an interesting fact, elsewhere unattested but In perfect conformity with the known facts' (St. Paul the Traveller, p. 315).
The conclusions of Professors Mommsen and Ramsay, which are almost always full of inte- rest, are given with this warning, that a super- Btmcture, however ingenious, is built on a slif^'ht foundation when it is based on a reading which on external grounds has no claim to acceptance, and may easily be a correction of the 2nd century introducing the precise phraseology and writing of the later date.
The attempt of Schiirer [ffJP I. ii. 53) to con- nect the Augustan band with a rreipa ^e3a(TTT)i'uiii does not give any assistance to the problem, and is based on a confusion of ideas.
LlTERATUBS.— Momnwen and Uarnuck In SitiungllwrichU d. Brrl. AkaJ. 1895, p. 601; Sohurer. IIJJ' l. ii. 63; Itanisay, St. Faut the Trattilrr, pp. 314, 816, 347, 348; Wiescler, Chron. d. Apott. ix. p. 391 (not aeen)^ A. C. HEADLAM.
JUNIAS (or JDNIA).— In Ro \e> St. Paul greets Andronicus and .luniiw (or Junia) ; the name being in the accusative, the sex is not determined (KvSpoviKov Kal 'louviay). If masculine, the name is a •hortened form of Junianus ; if feminine, Junia is a conitnon name. As ha-s been ]>ointcd out under Andronicu.s (wh. see), there is a little doubt as to whether the two are to be included amon^ the apostles — probably they are to be, the word being taken in its wider signification. In that caw it is hardly likely that the name is feminine, although, curiously enough, t'hrysostom docs not consider the idea of a feiiinle apostle impossible : ' And, indeed, to be apostles at all is a great thing. But to be even amongst those of note, just consider what a great encomium this is. Hut they were of note owing to their works and their Bohievement.s. Oh ! low great is the devotion of
this woman, that she .should be even counted worthy of the appellation of apostle.'
A. C. Headlam.
JUNIPER (D.ii rothem). — Eotkcm occurs three times in the Bible. Elijah sat under a roiAem ( 1 K ItH). The LXX transliterates this 'faOiUv. The poor are said to cut up the roots of the rOtfiem for food (Job Sij*), LXX (ji'i'as ftiXuK. The tongue is compared (Ps 12i>') to coals of rothem, LXX tois iv$pa(ii> TOIS (priLUKoii. It is clear from these refer- ences that the LXX did not understand what was meant by rothem. The Arab, hajipily furnishes the clue. Rntam is a sort of broom, lidamn Retcm, L., which grows in all the deserts of Egypt, Sinai, and the Holy Land. The tr. (AV in all, and RV text 1 K 19*, Ps 120*) 'juniper' is incorrect. ' Broom ' (RV text Job 30*, and niarg. in other passages) is somewhat misleading. The particular species of plant not gvowing in other lands should be called by its indigenous name ratam.
The ratnm is a glabrescent shrub, with a few linear leaves, 3-4 lines long, purplish white flowers, half an inch long, 1-5 together in subsessile clusters along the twigs, and obliquely ovate, 1-seeded, beaked pods, half an inch long. The shrub gives the poorest kind of shade, and yet it is often the only refuge from the blazing sun of the desert. Its roots are suitable for burnin", and are used for makin" charcoal. They would be poor eating indeed. This has led some to suppose that <trp shoresh (Job 30*), may mean the seeds which are said to be eaten by sheep. For this, however, there is no etymological warrant. The LXX tr. is against it. G. E. Post.
JUPITER in 2 Mac 6' is Zeus, the hopreme god in the Greek pantheon. Zeus Xenios (I'A. ), i.e. Zeus the god of hosj>itality and protector of strangers, was worshipped throughout the Greek world. Zeus Olj'mpios (ib.), Olympian Zeus, was probably so called because first worshipped on Mount Olympus in North Thessaly ; but owing to the influence of the Homeric poetry the epithet became familiar wherever Greek was ipoken, and the god was widely worshipped under that name, e.g. at Athens, Chalcis, Mcgara, Olvnipia, Sparta, Corinth, Syracuse, Naxos, and Miletus (Famell, Cults of the Greek States, I. iv.). The juxta- position of the two cults by Antiochus Epiphanes, who specially honoured Zeus Oli/mpiox (Nestle, Marg. p. 42), would imply to the Greek mind that the supreme God who ruled the whole world, whether of Greeks or foreigners (Xenios), was not J", but the Zeus Olympios who had been a Greek god from the earliest, i.e. Homeric, times.