(d) We are not told the reasons why the census was taken by David (2 S 24' [J']), but perhaps one was the desire to eciualize taxation, as was evidently that of Solomon s division of the country into twelve districts (1 IC 4'),* whicli were only pirLly named after the twelve tribes, though roughly coextensive with them.
2. Officials (o->-^ 2 S 8'").— Perhaps the more important of these were those 'that saw the king's face' (2 K 2o'» = Jer 52^). It should be noticed that the details are almost conilned to the time of David and Solomon (2 S 8""'- 2u-^"-, 1 K 4=«'-, 1 Ch 18""'), and that in only a few ciuscs can we allirm the continuance of the office throughout the mon- archy.
(a) Military, — (a) The captain of the host, i.e. commander-in-chief (under tlie king) of the whole available fighting strengtli of the nation, exclusive, perhaps, of the liodyguard (see al)ove). This jjosition, the consolidation and concentration of an older usage (Dt 20"), was held by Abner under Saul and Ishbosheth (1 S N", 2 S 2''), by Joab (2 S 8'*) and for a short time by Amasa in Jmlali (2 S 19", 1 K 2*-'), and, on .loab's removal, by Benaiah (1 K 2**). In the northern kingdom the king appears to have divided the office into that of the two captains of his chariots (IK I6''- "). (,8) The C'liit'iin of the budijgniird (see above), Benaiah (2 S 8'« 20'»).
(6) Civil.— {a) The mnzkir (T311;), lit. = 'he who brings to remembrance,' viz. Jelioshaphat in the time of David and Solomon (2 S 8'* 2t)^, 1 Ch 18", 1 K 4^), Joah lienAsai)h in the time of Hezekiab (2 IC 18"-" = Is 36»-''-), Joah ben-.Ioahaz in the time of .'osiah (2 Ch 3-1"). This is usually rendered
* Ir 19 hnrrllv acc*irnt4> to nav that Judah la omitted {e.g. Rcn- llnmr, p. 3IJS). (or Soroh (v.io, cl. alao Joa l.VB «, 2 Ch 11' 24l'», 1 S 171) woa up the vnle of Klah In tho Hhophcluh of Judah. Of the plocca mentioned witlt it in 1 K V Heplivr ia unknown, and alao Anibhoth (l>ut at-i- Kr. O. Sthick in I'EtSI, Oct. Isos, p. '.i.'18. Josephui*. wl. Nirac, Ant. vm. li. 3, omlta alt ref. to V.IO (aminst Smilh'a DIP I. IUi>|). thoui;h lhi> ixuaililv ia to Iw identided witli Arab, mentioned In .loa l,'*^'' (.S<H-.,h, v.^ Is in the next ^roup), and also in thv Stirplielah, nut far npiuvrently from Iluninh, whirh was near Kltuth'-roiHilis (sec AttAn and DeHAll). But evi<li-ntly Jeniaalem and tne part imnietllat4']v round it is oniilteil in Holouion's twelvo dlstrictA This Is axpUcable by tho fm-t that iMiinif so nuar lo the Ncat of |po\cm- ment It would necessarily U- more roaity muK'te<l (or pn>- ▼lalonlnt; troops, etc., and also may have come under the s|iivial care ot one of the othar ofllclals named, t.g. the (ovenior o( Uia oltj (aee below).
' recorder,' his duties being supposed to be those of chronicling the chief events ; but this would hardly appear to be a sulHciently influential position Perhaps his duty was rather that of remindinj; the king in matters of state, and he represented the Grand Vizier of modern times (cf. Beuz. p. 310).
(^) The ^-o/^Atr (^513) or 'scribe' (AV, KV), apparently the writer of the roval correspondence, the SecreUrv of State (2 S 8" 20^, 1 Ch IS'). Solomon had two, who were apparently the sons of David's 'scribe' (1 K 4'). His duties appear to have been partly financial (2 K 12'" 22^"), and he sometimes is mentionp.d before the Recorder (2 K 18"*- " = 18 30^-=', 2Ch 34», cf. 2K 22'). See, further, Kiehm, s.v. ' Kanzler."
(7) The officer over the household, n:;n Sy iyi« ( 1 K 4' 18'), i.e. the head of the palace, intrusted with 'the key' (Is 22-). Apiiarently=j:3 (Is 22"), but this maj- be a general terra for ' official.' He perhaps stood for our High Chamberlain or Steward. Not mentioned in David's time. In the time of Heze- kiali he is mentioned before both Scribe and Recorder (2 K 18'»- " l'J''=Is36=- •=' 37-), ami certainly held a superior position to that held bv the Scribe (cf. Is 22"- »> with 36').
(5) The overseer of the forced labour {or;'^ hs lyt") first seen in the latter part of David's reign. Adoram (Adoniram) lield the office from then till his murder in the revolt from Uehoboam (2 S 20=*, 1 K 4« 5'* 12>8 II 2 Ch 10'8).
(e) The king's servant {^hrsn ijy) is mentioned with other high officials in 2 K 22". The same title is on the seal of one Obadiah (figured in Nowack, Arch. i. p. 262; Benzinger, Arch. p. 25S), but nothing is known of it. Perhaps it is the same as
(J-) The kin^s friend (1 K 4», 1 Ch 27" cf. 2 S 15" 16'«).
M TUo king' s coun-iellor, Ahithophel (1 Ch 27", 2 S 15'2, cf. " 16-'»-=' 17'- '• '*. Is 3'). Perhaps also Jonathan, David's uncle (1 Ch 27**).
(0) The prefect of the twelve commissariat dis- tricts (1 K4', see al>ove).
(0 Minor officials, e.g. the Jiead of tlie lonrdrohc (2 K 22'', and perhaps 10-) ; heads of various departments of royal properties (1 Ch 27^"); eunuc/is (c'C";;) or perhaps chamberlains (1 S 8", 1 K '22», 2 K 8', anil often ; in 2 K 2o«' = ofticer) ; th^ governor of the city (Tyn ip, 1 K 22=", 2 K '23*, 2Ch34», cf. Nehll»).