The best statement of the meanings of hesed in the OT will be found in the Ozf. Heb. Lewicon. Cheyne has much to say of the word, see esp. his Origin of the Psalter, p. 378 (where he happily distinguishes 7358 from 757 in reference to man, the former being ‘right feeling towards J” as the root of right action,’ the latter ‘right action as the flower of right feeling’); see also W. R. Smith, Prophets*, pp.
Kirkpatrick, Bs
160f., 408f.; Driver on Dt 79; alms, 1. 220; Girdlestone, Synonyms
LUBIM of OT, p. 111f.; and the art. HASIDAANS. The English word is purely biblical. J. HASTINGS.
LOW COUNTRY.—See SHEPHELAH. en (Δοζών), 1 Es 5%=Darkon, Ezr 2%, Neh
LUBIM (οι, in Dn 1103, Λίβυες LXX, Libyes Vulg.).— They are mentioned as auxiliaries and neighbours of the Egyptians: 2 Ch 12% as the chief auxiliaries of Shishak, 16° with the Ethiopian Zerah, Nah 3° as helpers of Thebes at the side of Put, Dn 11% together with the Ethiopians as neighbours of Egypt. Most probably the Le- habim of Gn 10", 1 Ch 1" are the same nation (see LEHABIM); the identification with the Lup (which see), attempted by some, has many difliculties to contend against. The name
appears in Arabic as Labi ws ὰ =the singular "31
(occurring in the Talmud) Epes form, see below).
he Greeks first used Libya of the whole country W. of Egypt which was reckoned as a part of Asia; consequently Libya was equivalent to Africa. Later, nie was used only of the part between Egypt and the Roman province of Africa, consisting of Marmarica in the E. (Libya Inferior as a Roman province) and Cyrenaica (Libya Superior, modern Barka) in the W. (Libya Interior was 8. of both). The Libyan Nomos (i.e. country) of Egypt extended from Marea to Apis (W.) and, along the frontier of Egypt, to Memphis (S8.), a strip of borderland always visited by Libyans with their flocks.
The Libyans appear on Egyptian monuments from the earliest period, but more frequently from about B.c. 1600. They are depicted (earliest example in Newberry, Benihasan, 1. pl. 45, 47) as tall, well-built, of whiter complexion even than the Syrians and Europeans, with blue eyes, blond hair and beard. These pictures agree closely with the type of the modern Kabyles in Algeria, in whom many travellers have sought descendants of strayed Germans, e.g. Vandals (very errone- ously, as the Egyptian pictures show). Their hair, ornamented with ostrich feathers, was worn tied in a long pie tell hanging over the ear, while it was cut half-length at the back part of the head ; the beard was pointed. Blue tatoo-marks, vary- ing according to the tribe, ornamented the body The dress consisted of a girdle and a long mantle. They were chiefly a pastoral people, wandering with their leather-tents and their flocks of goats and sheep over their sandy country. Frequently they appeared at the W. frontier of Egypt as invaders, especially under the 19th and 20th dynasties, 7.e. after 1350. Seti 1., Ramses I. and ΠῚ. record invasions warded off with great diffi- culty. Merenptah, the successor of Ramses IL, defeated an army of Libyans allied with pirates from Asia Minor and Europe, after they had nearly reached Memphis, slaying almost 10,000 of them. They fought with arrows and long swords, tne chiefs from chariots. Being very brave, they were employed as mercenaries by the Pharaohs, more pallanire frequently after B.c. 1100. Finally they became the privileged soldiers of Egypt ; and their leaders, as eatin generals, grew so influential that several dynasties of Egyptian princes, as well as the great Bubastide (22) and Saitie (24, 26) dynasties, which include most of the Pharaohs mentioned by name in the Bible, were of Libyan descent. E.g. Shishak (more correctly Shoshah for Shoshank) is a name of Libyan etymology. In their own country tlle Libyans assumed a few
‘Libyan’ (on the
LUCAS
LUCRE 15$
elements of Egyptian culture, e.g. the worship of the god Am(m)on (whose principal temple was in the oasis of Amon, now Siwah), circumcision, etc., but always remained at a low stage of civiliza-
tion. Their strange and rude system of writing, still employed by the desert tribes S. of Algeria, and now called Tifinaghen, was borrowed from Southern Arabia, it would appear, about the Persian period. Also the introduction of the camel, and several customs, possibly also elements of their language, point to later connexions with this country—a strange fact, and not yet sufii- ciently understood. Their difficult language is, however, witnessed to by Egyptian monuments from about 1400, so that only a small part of the people can have consisted of immigrating Eastern- ers. Under Greek (in Cyrene) and Carthaginian influence, and still more under Roman dominion, the Libyans were only superficially civilized in the cities ; a large part of them, especially in the interior, always remained barbarous shepherds. They extended from Egypt to Timbuctoo and the Senegal river until the invasion of the Arabs ; the subsequent adoption of Arab religion made a great part of them give up their language and nation- ality. Their language (the Tamasheg), which recently has been studied very zealously (in Eng- land especially by the late Prof. Newman), is at present much mixed with Arabic. Gram- ΤΌ ΟΡ, however, it shows the purest Hamitic type. It is not so closely related to ancient gyptian as we should expect, and betrays more aflinity with the Hamitic languages on the coast of the Red Sea. The national name of this great race (at present pronounced Imushagh, Imuhag, etc.) is of obscure etymology. The Egyptians called them Zhemheu (plural, perhaps the same word), later Piaiat, and the easternmost part Thehnu (or Thehnyu, plural) and distinguished various tribes. Of these the Mashauasha (Mdtves of Herodotus?) and Lod (written Ra-bu, plur. Ra-bu-y) were most prominent in the wars of Dyn. 19 and 20 (minor tribes Kahak, Qaiqasha, Shaitep, etc.), and we can observe how the name ob gradually became general, as we find it among the Greeks and all Semites. It is prob- able that in Gn 10 it already includes the whole of the white Africans W. of Egypt, although the Egyptians (and through these the Hebrews) hardly knew any tribes W. of Cyrene ; the dominion of the conquering Pharaohs did not extend even 80 far. W. MAX MULLER.